September 22, 2026
H.E. Mark Carney
Prime Minister of Canada
H.E. Louise Arbour
Governor General of Canada
Dear Prime Minister Mark Carney and Governor General Louise Arbour,
I am writing on behalf of Human Rights Watch to draw your attention to the dire human rights situation in Vietnam in advance of the state visit of To Lam, Communist Party General Secretary and President of Vietnam, to Canada on September 24. We urge you to use this opportunity to raise grave concerns about the Vietnamese government’s human rights record, both in your public statements and in private meetings with him.
As Vietnam’s important trading partner, Canada is in a particularly strong position to encourage the Vietnamese government to take meaningful steps toward improving respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. In the labor section of the 2018 Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, article 19.3, Vietnam committed to “adopt and maintain in its statutes and regulations” outlined in the ILO Declaration, including the “freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining.” In separate diplomatic communications with the ILO and CPTPP member Canada in 2023, it pledged to ratify ILO Convention No. 87 by the end of January 2024.
The Vietnamese government has sharply intensified its repression in the past 10 years since To Lam served as minister of the Ministry of Public Security between 2016 and 2024, and then as the Vietnam’s leader of the country from 2024 until today. On To Lam’s watch, the Vietnamese police launched a far-reaching crackdown that decimated the country’s budding civil society, stepped up transnational repression, and expanded the scope and use of draconian laws that criminalize free speech.
There are now more than 160 political prisoners in Vietnam, imprisoned for exercising rights to freedom of expression or peaceful activism for human rights and democracy, and charged under draconian laws. Human Rights Watch has documented how the Vietnamese authorities are increasingly using a vague, overbroad, and abusive provision of the penal code (article 331) on prohibiting the “abuse of democratic freedoms,” both to silence prominent activists and to retaliate against ordinary people who complain about poor services, corruption, or police abuse.
We urge you and your government to publicly voice concerns about Vietnam’s worsening record during To Lam’s visit and press the Vietnamese government to:
- Unconditionally release all persons detained for exercising rights to freedom of expression, association, religion and assembly, including rights activists such as Pham Doan Trang, Bui Tuan Lam, and Pham Chi Dung; and others named in the appendix below, many of whom have serious health problems.
- Repeal vaguely worded “national security” provisions and other provisions in the Vietnamese penal code that have been used to prosecute individuals for peaceful dissent, including: “abusing democratic freedom” (article 331); “sabotaging the unity policy” (article 116); and propaganda against the state (article 117).
- Take meaningful steps to implement labor reforms to allow independent labor unions to be formed—in law and in practice—and end intimidation and retaliation against workers who attempt to organize for labor rights protections outside of government-controlled mechanisms.
- Promptly ratify International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 87 on freedom of association and genuinely engage with the ILO to reform laws and policies as necessary to ensure the proper application of ILO Convention No. 98, which Vietnam has ratified, on the right to organize and engage in collective bargaining.
- Amend the Criminal Procedure Code to ensure the due process rights of all criminal suspects, including prompt and unhindered access to legal counsel throughout the investigation period, which exposes defendants to an increased risk of torture and other ill-treatment and undermines the principles of due process of law and right to a fair trial.
We thank you in advance for your attention to our requests.
Sincerely,
Bruno Stagno Ugarte
Chief Advocacy Officer
Human Rights Watch
Appendix: Vietnam’s Entrenched Authoritarianism and Worsening Abuses
Political Prisoners
The Vietnamese government frequently uses vaguely worded and loosely interpreted provisions in Vietnam’s penal code and other laws to prosecute and imprison peaceful political and religious activists. These include “undermining the unity policy” (article 116), “making, storing, disseminating or propagandizing information, materials and products that aim to oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam” (article 117), and “abusing the rights to democracy and freedoms to infringe upon the interests of the State, the legitimate rights and interests of organizations, individuals” (article 331).
During the first nine months of 2026, the authorities convicted and sentenced at least 28 activists to many years in prison including prominent bloggers Hoang Thi Hong Thai and Huynh Ngoc Tuan. Police arrested at least 39 other people for criticizing the government.
We urge you to raise the following cases of prisoners held for exercising their basic rights. Several are suffering from severe health issues. All those arbitrarily detained should be immediately and unconditionally released.
- Pham Doan Trang, writer and human rights advocate
- Can Thi Theu, land rights activist
- Pham Chi Dung, independent journalist
- Nguyen Tuong Thuy, independent journalist
- Le Dinh Luong, democracy campaigner
- Hoang Duc Binh , labor activist
- Nguyen Van Tuc, democracy campaigner
- Tran Duc Thach, democracy campaigner
- Tran Van Bang, democracy campaigner
- Nguyen Trung Ton, democracy campaigner
Repression of Labor Rights
Vietnam has not ratified ILO Convention No. 87 on Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise, despite pledging to do so by the end of 2023. It has also made little progress in fulfilling obligations under ratified conventions, including ILO Convention No. 98 on collective bargaining, or in guaranteeing workers’ rights to form and operate independent trade unions.
Although the authorities claim to support worker representation, independent unions are not allowed in practice. The Vietnam General Confederation of Labor (VGCL), described by the government as a labor confederation, is not independent. Its leadership is appointed by the government or the Communist Party of Vietnam, while unions within its structure are generally led by individuals approved by management.
The government also argues that the 2021 Labor Code permits independent worker organizations at the enterprise level. However, no such organizations are known to exist. Authorities have not issued the regulations or established the legal and administrative processes necessary for their registration and operation.
The absence of implementing regulations, together with provisions of the Trade Union Law, suggests that the government intends to maintain worker representation under the control of the VGCL rather than allow genuinely independent trade unions.
State control is further reflected in Communist Party Directive 24, which calls for increased scrutiny of labor groups, civil society organizations, and foreign actors, particularly in connection with international trade agreements and engagement with the ILO.
Official media have portrayed independent unions as “hostile forces” seeking to undermine the political system. Combined with arrests of labor activists and restrictions on independent labor organizing, these policies raise serious concerns about Vietnam’s commitment to freedom of association and internationally recognized labor rights.
Freedom of Religion and Belief
The Vietnamese government restricts religious practice through legislation, registration requirements, surveillance, and harassment. Religious groups must obtain government approval, register, and operate under state-controlled management boards. While many government-affiliated churches and pagodas are permitted to function, authorities often ban activities they deem contrary to the “national interest,” “public order,” or “national unity.” The government labels groups such as Dega Protestants, Ha Mon Catholics, and Falun Gong as ta dao (“evil religion”) and harasses their followers.
Police monitor and sometimes violently suppress religious groups outside state-controlled institutions. Unrecognized groups face persistent surveillance, intimidation, forced renunciations of faith, detention, interrogation, torture, and imprisonment.
A revised Law on Beliefs and Religions, approved in April and effective January 2027, replaces the 2016 law but adds concerns, including greater state surveillance and control of online religious activities.
