Free Vietnam’s Political Prisoners!

Tran Huynh Duy Thuc
Sentenced: 16 years

Tran Huynh Duy Thuc, born 1966, is serving 16 years for calling for democracy and a multi-party political system in Vietnam. He is a businessman and the founder and general director of EIS/OCI, an information technology company that provided telephone and other services over the Internet. He played an important role advocating for the development of information technology and digital communications in Vietnam.

In late 2005, Tran Huynh Duy Thuc created an independent research group called Nhom Nghien cuu Chan (Research Group to Revive [the country]) to study social, economic, and political issues in Vietnam. He also set up three blogging sites (Tran Dong Tran, Psonkhanh, and Change We Need) on which he posted his observations and analyses of social and political issues.

The police arrested Tran Huynh Duy Thuc in May 2009. They initially accused him of evading the telephone use tax, but later charged him under article 79 of the penal code with “aiming to overthrow the people’s government.” In January 2010, the People’s Court of Ho Chi Minh City put him and other rights activists, Le Cong Dinh, Le Thang Long, and Nguyen Tien Trung, on trial for involvement in “a reactionary organization called the Vietnamese Democratic Party.” At the trial, Tran Huynh Duy Thuc lodged a complaint alleging that authorities coerced his confession, but the court ignored his motion. Observers believe his extraordinarily long sentence was in retaliation for his claim of coercion.

In May 2016, Tran Huynh Duy Thuc was transferred from Xuyen Moc prison in Ba Ria-Vung Tau province to Prison No. 6 in Nghe An province. It was reported that he carried out hunger strikes in prison calling for the right of Vietnamese citizens to elect their government and to protest the government’s handling of a toxic fish crisis.

Tran Anh Kim
Sentenced: 13 years

Tran Anh Kim, born 1949, is a former lieutenant colonel and former deputy political commissar of the Military Committee of Thai Binh town , who is serving 13 years for pro-democracy activities.

In 2006, Tran Anh Kim became known as a dissident writer and as a member of Bloc 8406, a pro-democracy movement founded on April 8, 2006. Bloc 8406 is known for publishing on that day the “Manifesto on Freedom and Democracy for Vietnam 2006” (Tuyên Ngôn Tự Do Dân Chủ Cho Việt Nam 2006), which called for democratic reforms in Vietnam. It was originally signed by 118 dissidents and later by thousands of others. He also served on the editorial board of To Quoc, a pro-democracy journal founded and run by domestic and overseas activists. In 2009, he received a Hellman Hammett grant from Human Rights Watch as a writer defending free expression.

Tran Anh Kim was arrested by Thai Binh provincial police in July 2009 for connections to the banned Democratic Party of Vietnam. Police charged him with “carrying out activities that aim to overthrow the people’s administration” under article 79 of the penal code. He was convicted in December 2009 and sentenced to 5 years and 6 months in prison.

Tran Anh Kim was released in January 2015 after completing his prison term. Upon being released, he told the BBC’s Vietnamese service that he would continue to fight for democracy and freedom. The police placed him under intrusive surveillance. A group of fellow activists went to visit him in Thai Binh province shortly after his release. Upon leaving his house, the group was attacked by men in civilian clothes.

In September 2015, Tran Anh Kim was arrested for allegedly founding a group called “National Forces Raise the Flag of Democracy” (Luc luong Quoc dan Dung co Dan chu; see case of Le Thanh Tung). Police charged him with “activities that aim to overthrow the people’s administration” under article 79 of the penal code. According to state media, his aim was “to call for the abolition of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the formation of a multi-party system.” In December 2016, the People’s Court of Thai Binh convicted him and sentenced him to 13 years in prison. The long sentence may be because he continued his fight for democracy after serving his first prison sentence.

In August 2017, Tran Anh Kim was transferred from Ba Sao prison in Ha Nam province to prison No. 5 in Thanh Hoa province.

Huynh Truong Ca
Sentenced: 5 years

Huynh Truong Ca (born 1971) was sentenced to five years and six months in prison for posting anti-Party and government material on Facebook and Youtube.

Huynh Truong Ca is an activist from Hong Ngu district, Dong Thap province. He promotes human rights through various means including livestreaming on Facebook or speaking in online forums. In a livestream in August 2018, he accused the Vietnamese authorities of seriously violating human rights, including the rights to freely express one’s opinions.

In June 2018, he participated in a public protest against the cybersecurity law and the draft law on special economic zones. In August 2018, the police of Hong Ngu district staged a public criticism session of Huynh Truong Ca in his neighborhood when he was not home.

In September 2018, the police arrested Huynh Truong Ca while he was on the way to Ho Chi Minh City and charged him with “making, storing, disseminating or propagandizing information, materials and products that aim to oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam” (penal code article 117). According to the police newspaper, he was arrested for “using social media YouTube and personal Facebook account to publish contents that fabricate and distort the policies and guidelines of the Party, law policies of the state, and the social, political and economic situations of Vietnam. The subject is a founding member of a reactionary organization named ‘Constitution.’ Recently, the subject often uses social media to publish and share posts, clips and livestreams with contents that distort and oppose the Party and the State, slander the local government, leaders and police force.”

When he was in police detention awaiting trial, local police harassed his wife, including summoning her for questioning when she received some monetary support from fellow activists.

In December 2018, the Dong Thap provincial court sentenced him to five years and six months in prison, to be followed by three years on probation.

Truong Van Dung
Sentenced: 6 years

Truong Van Dung (born 1954) is currently serving a six-year prison sentence for criticizing the government.

Truong Van Dung first became active in land rights advocacy in the 2000s, campaigning against forced confiscation of his own house. In the early 2010s, he joined other activists and began to advocate for basic rights, including freedom of expression, association, and assembly. Between 2011 and 2018, he also participated in numerous anti-China and pro-environment protests. He joined a protest opposing Vietnam’s problematic 2018 law on cybersecurity and publicly boycotted Vietnam’s national “elections,” a process controlled by the Vietnam Communist Party which is neither free nor fair.

He also publicly voiced support for numerous political prisoners and detainees, including Nguyen Thuy Hanh, Pham Doan Trang, Can Thi Theu, Nguyen Thi Tam, Trinh Ba Tu, Trinh Ba Phuong, Le Dinh Luong, Hoang Duc Binh, Nguyen Tuong Thuy, Pham Chi Dung, Le Huu Minh Tuan, Do Nam Trung, and members of Hoi Anh em Dan chu (Brotherhood for Democracy).

In December 2013, Truong Van Dung and other activists founded a humanitarian group, Hoi Bau bi Tuong Than (Association of Gourd and Squash Mutual Assistance), to provide financial and spiritual support for political prisoners, land rights petitioners, and their families.

Truong Van Dung has experienced years of government harassment and intimidation, including police interrogations, house arrest, a travel ban, and physical assaults by plain-clothes agents. In March 2014, after being attacked and injured by men in civilian clothes, he told a reporter at Radio Free Asia: “I will not budge. The more they act [attack] this way, the more inspired I will be on my path, no less … I am very proud of myself. I did nothing to be ashamed of.”

After his arrest in May 2022, Truong Van Dung was held incommunicado for more than nine months. He was allowed to meet with his lawyer for the first time in March. His family has not been allowed to see him. Vietnam’s courts, controlled by the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam, are not independent and hearings and trials do not meet international standards.

Police in Hanoi arrested Truong Van Dung in May 2022 on charges of “conducting propaganda against the state.” On March 28, 2023, a court convicted and sentenced him to six years in prison.

Truong Huu Loc
Sentenced: 8 years

Truong Huu Loc (born 1963) is serving an eight-year prison sentence for distributing food and water to people in a public protest.

Truong Huu Loc used livestream broadcasts on Facebook to express his frustration about pressing political issues including the national election, China, and land confiscation. He also showed support for political prisoners like Bui Thi Minh Hang. In June 2018, he livestreamed to urge people to take to the street to protest against the draft law on special economic zones.

When protests broke out on June 10, 2018, he provided food for protesters in Ho Chi Minh City. According to state television, he “bought about 600 baguettes, more than 600 bottles of water and 100 rice chung cake, and then got two taxis to transport the food from Tan Binh district to District 1 to provide food and support disruptive behaviors [of protesters].”

Police arrested Truong Huu Loc the next day. The police subsequently charged him with disrupting security under penal code article 118. According to the indictment reported by state media, “many times he livestreamed on social media, distorted and defame leaders; distorted the policies of the Party and the State; distorted draft laws and other social issues; stirred many people to participate in protests. It is worth to note that Truong Huu Loc’s livestream attracted hundreds of people to watch and comment. On June 10, 2018, Truong Huu Loc bought baguettes and water and took a taxi to the Notre Dame area (District 1), distributed the food to cheer up protesters, joined the crowd and chanted slogans to stir up the crowd.”

The Ho Chi Minh City court put him on trial in June 2019, and convicted and sentenced him to eight years in prison, to be followed by three years on probation.

Le Manh Ha
Sentenced: 8 years

Le Manh Ha (born 1970) is a citizen journalist who is serving an eight-year prison sentence for criticizing the Communist Party and the Vietnam government.

Le Manh Ha has been active as a land rights petitioner since the early 2000s. He campaigned against the relocation of farmers who were displaced by a major hydroelectric project in the Tuyen Quang province. In May 2018, he founded an YouTube Channel called Tieng Dan TV Le Ha (Voice of the People – Le Ha Television) to give the opportunity to land petitioners and farmers to record videos in which they speak out against the injustices they face. His motto is “to promote the Constitution in order to guarantee the rights for citizens.”

Le Manh Ha interviewed many land rights petitioners across Tuyen Quang province. He publicly announced that his objective is to promote the upholding of the Vietnam Constitution and protecting basic citizens’ rights, including the rights to petition and to denounce. He also stated that he wants to enhance people’s knowledge and build a genuine democratic society.

The week before the authorities arrested him, Le Manh Ha posted on his Facebook: “In Vietnam, corruption defeated the people because corruption has been equipped with modern weapons. The people have no weapon except for their cell phones to fight against corruption.”

Le Manh Ha also frequently voiced support and solidarity for fellow citizen journalists including Le Trong Hung, Le Van Dung, and Pham Doan Trang.

Tuyen Quang provincial police arrested Le Manh Ha in January 2022 and charged him with “making, storing, disseminating or propagandizing information, materials and products that aim to oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam” under article 117 of the penal code.

The Tuyen Quang provincial newspaper claimed that “Le Manh Ha had prepared, posted and shared on social media, including YouTube and Facebook, many articles and video clips with content that propagandize, distort and defame the people’s administration, insult great leader Ho Chi Minh and leaders of the Party and the State; and spread fabricated information to sow confusion among the people.”

In October 2022, a Tuyen Quang provincial court put Le Manh Ha on trial. According to Tuyen Quang newspaper, during the trial, Le Manh Ha said that “his writing are results of what he read on Facebook or watched on social media, and found that such content exposed the current state of Vietnam including corruption, power and status buying, territorial sovereignty issues, inadequacies in management and exploitation of the country’s natural resources and minerals, inadequate compensation for resettlers after land confiscation, the lack of confidence in elected members of the National Assembly, problems in education and health care system, current youth’s perception of freedom and democracy. He found that such contents are consistent with his thoughts and views, and thus he copied and posted them on Facebook, or shared them.”

The court found Le Manh Ha’s actions to copy, post and share such information “very dangerous for society, violating national security, and contravening the policies of the Party.” It convicted and sentenced him to eight years in prison, to be followed by five years on probation.

Tran Thi Xuan
Sentenced: 9 years

Tran Thi Xuan (born 1976) is an environmental activist who was sentenced to nine years in prison for being affiliated with a pro-democracy group.

Tran Thi Xuan is a Catholic activist from the central province of Ha Tinh who participated in many humanitarian activities including collecting recycling waste and donating the money she earned for the poor and the elderly in her neighborhood. She also provided donations to victims of natural disasters, such as floods.

She began her public advocacy to advocate for the interests of fishermen who lost their livelihoods after the Formosa Ha Tinh Steel Corporation dumped toxic waste into the ocean in April 2016, causing an ecological disaster on the central coast of Vietnam, including in her home province of Ha Tinh. She participated in anti-Formosa protests and urged for compensation for the victims.

State media claims that in May 2016, Tran Thi Xuan joined a group called Brotherhood for Democracy, which was founded in April 2013 by rights campaigner Nguyen Van Dai and fellow activists. With the stated goal “to defend human rights recognized by the Vietnam Constitution and international conventions” and “to promote the building of a democratic, progressive, civilized and just society for Vietnam,” the Brotherhood for Democracy provided a network for activists inside and outside Vietnam to campaign for human rights and democracy in the country. The police newspaper accused her of “using her personal Facebook account to share articles, photos, videos of reactionary, extreme organizations and individuals with contents that oppose the Party and the State, urge and stir up protests, and to organize voluntary activities among the youth.”

In October 2017, Ha Tinh provincial police arrested and charged her with “carrying out activities that aim to overthrow the people’s administration” under article 79 of the penal code. Four days after her arrest, hundreds of people in Ha Tinh took to the street to demand her release. In November, Ha Tinh television broadcast her admission of guilt, her apologies and her advice to young people not to listen to reactionary groups.

In April 2018, during a one-day trial that her family was not informed about, the Ha Tinh court convicted and sentenced her to nine years in prison, to be followed by five years on probation.

In May 2018, the Van Hanh Deanery under Vinh Diocese published a complaint and a petition for Tran Thi Xuan, in which it raised concerns that Tran Thi Xuan was not allowed to have a defense lawyer, and on those grounds, urged the authorities to reopen her case.

According to Vietnam criminal procedure code, if a defendant accused of a crime that includes possible punishment of the death sentence does not have a defense lawyer, the government must assign them one. Authorities charged Tran Thi Xuan with article 79, clause 1, which provides for punishments up to death sentence. The fact that she was not allowed or assigned a defense lawyer is a serious violation of her rights and failure of criminal procedure by the People’s Court of Ha Tinh province.

Dinh Van Hai
Sentenced: 5 years

Dinh Van Hai (born 1974) is a pro-democracy campaigner and an environmental activist who is serving a five-year prison sentence for openly criticizing the Communist Party and the Vietnam state.

Dinh Van Hai is an activist from Lam Dong province. After suffering an illness at age five, he had a disability. In the early 2010s, he began to use Facebook to criticize social injustice and voice support for political prisoners and victims of land confiscation.

He participated in marches to protest against the environmental disaster caused by the Formosa Ha Tinh Steel dumping of toxic waste in the ocean off the central coast of Vietnam in 2016. In 2018, he joined thousands of people to protest against the draft law on special economic zones and the problematic law on cybersecurity.

He wrote, “This country, this motherland, these 54 ethnic groups of people, this population of more than 90 Vietnamese, are not possessions of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Therefore, the Communist Party of Vietnam do not have the rights and cannot, on behalf of the people or the state of Vietnam, represent the entire nation to negotiate with any individual, organization, trade or political partner in regard to the interests and lives of the entire nation.”

He suffered numerous instances of harassment, intimidation and even physical assault by local authorities. According to the police, “the local government and the functional force had worked many times with his family to organize talks in which they analyzed and pointed out his wrongdoings and warned him to abandon the evil road and return to the righteous one.”

In June 2018, Dinh Van Hai and fellow activist Vu Tien Chi, who is currently serving a 10-year prison sentence for criticizing the state, went to visit former political prisoner Do Thi Minh Hanh who was suffering terrorizing attacks from local thugs in Lam Dong province. Upon leaving Do Thi Minh Hanh, two men in civilian clothes attacked the two visiting activists with wooden poles. Dinh Van Hai was hospitalized with two broken ribs and injuries to his right hand and left shoulder.

In May 2021, he boycotted the national election. According to the police, “local government brought the ballot box to his house so he could carry out his citizen’s rights, the object openly opposed it, refused to cast his ballot, and took photos to post on social media to distort the truth.”

Police arrested him in October 2021 on charges of “making, storing, disseminating or propagandizing information, materials and products that aim to oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam” under article 117 of the penal code.

In April 2022, a Lam Dong provincial court convicted and sentenced him to five years in prison, to be followed by three years on probation.

Tran Quoc Khanh
Sentenced: 6 years

Tran Quoc Khanh (born 1960) is serving a six-and-a-half-year prison sentence for criticizing the government.

Tran Quoc Khanh began to use Facebook to discuss social and political issues in the mid-2000s. He shared news considered sensitive in Vietnam such as the trial of farmers in the violent land dispute at Dong Tam commune. In 2021, he visited the family of political prisoner Vu Quang Thuan to show support.

In September 2019, Tran Quoc Khanh submitted an application to the Ministry of Home Affairs to establish an organization called the Vietnam Democracy Association with the goal “to unite all Vietnamese individuals and organizations who can enthusiastically and voluntarily campaign for Vietnamese citizens to enjoy human rights and the rights and responsibilities to decide the fate of the country and the nation.” The ministry dismissed his application. In October 2019, he wrote on Facebook, “Let’s have a democratic and free election for 94 million Vietnamese people. To plant the insiders from a single party only is to go against the principle of freedom and democracy, and robs the rights of the remaining majority. Can we see the robber of power as a talented entity?”

Tran Quoc Khanh gained public attention when he announced that he would run as an independent candidate for the national election in May 2021. He conducted several open public debates via livestream on Facebook in February and March 2021 with Le Trong Hung, another self-nominated independent candidate. The two also exchanged their views on a number of politically sensitive topics, including the Vietnam Constitution and the need for a political plural system.

In February 2021, Ninh Binh provincial police summoned Tran Quoc Khanh to its headquarters and questioned him about his livestream sessions on Facebook. They also questioned him about his application to form the Vietnam Democracy Association, and his self-nomination to contest for a seat in the National Assembly.

On March 1, 2021, he filed a lawsuit against the Ministry of Interior Affairs for arbitrarily rejecting his request to form a democracy group. Police arrested him nine days later and charged him with “making, storing, disseminating or propagandizing information, materials and products that aim to oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam” under article 117 of the penal code.

According to state media, between September 2019 and January 2021, “Tran Quoc Khanh had used his Facebook account and the fan page ‘Voice of Citizen [Tieng noi Cong dan]’ to livestream 22 videos with content that distort and vilify the people’s administration, sowing doubt among the people. He misled, distorted, fabricated the policies and guidelines of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the policies and law of the state; he fabricated, belittled and vilified leaders of the Party and the State; he mispresented our history and rejected the revolution’s achievement; he rejected and rebuffed the leading role of the Communist Party of Vietnam; he urged for plurality, a multi-party system, and separation of power, against the State.”

In October 2021, a Ninh Binh provincial court convicted and sentenced Tran Quoc Khanh to six years and six months in prison, to be followed by two years’ probation.

According to a court document, during the trial, Tran Quoc Khanh denied that “his actions were meant to oppose the State of Socialist Republic of Vietnam” and insisted that his actions “were transparent and democratic with aims to build and develop the country.”

Le Chi Thanh
Sentenced: 5 years

Le Chi Thanh (born 1983) is serving two consecutive prison terms, one for two years on resisting persons on public duty and another for three years for exposing government corruption through livestreams on Facebook and posting videos on YouTube.

Le Chi Thanh was a police captain at the notorious Z30D prison in Binh Thuan province. In the early 2020s, he began to livestream on Facebook and posted videos on YouTube to denounce his supervisor, Col. Le Ba Thuy, for mismanagement of money and other forms of corruption. He called for a thorough, impartial and transparent investigation into his allegations. Le Ba Thuy is the chief of Z30D prison, and also serves as general secretary of the communist party cell there.

In July 2020, the Ministry of Public Security disciplined Le Chi Thanh and kicked him out of the police force. Le Chi Thanh filed appeals against the decision to no avail. He also began to embark on an effort to expose corruption among the traffic police.

In November 2020, Le Chi Thanh said during a livestream on his Facebook:

"I am prepared to embark on a very difficult road. Anything can happen to me, but I have no fear. Each person is only born once and die once. Whether I die sooner or later, I am still in a good spirit. I know I must move forward even when I do not know what awaits me. I decide to take this road, a road that can be full of obstacles and may cause very serious consequence. What I worry most is not for myself personally. I worry for my family and my loved ones. My mother and other members [in my family] previously did not agree with me, but now they begin to, and let me do what I care [about the] most. If I want the bad things cease to exist, I must fight against them. My mother cried a lot, but I cannot abandon my thoughts and the path I chose."

In March 2021, traffic police in Ho Chi Minh City fined Le Chi Thanh and towed his car for an alleged traffic violation. He challenged them by livestreaming the encounter, and demanded they provide information on the legal basis for their action. During a meeting three days later to reclaim his car, Le Chi Thanh again livestreamed the encounter between him and the police. In April 2021, police arrested Le Chi Thanh and charged him for resisting persons on public duty under article 300 of the penal code.

In October 2021, during a meeting between Le Chi Thanh and defense lawyer Dang Dinh Manh, and in front of two government officials, including police officer Le Duc Nghia and People’s Procuracy member Le Thi Hanh, Le Chi Thanh told the lawyer that police tortured him during detention. He reported that “his hands and legs were hung for seven days. All activities including eating, drinking, and going to the toilet was done on [that] spot with him being hung.” He further stated that "he can only use three fingers on each hand, and lost all feeling on the other four fingers. He also feels numb on his leg. Both his hands and feet have pus.”

In January 2022, a Thu Duc city court convicted and sentenced him to two years in prison. His mother told a Voice of America reporter that during the trial, Le Chi Thanh stated that he was tortured, but the court ignored it. A photo circulated that showed Le Chi Thanh was so weak that two police officers had to help him walk into the court room.

In February 2022, Le Chi Thanh was slapped with an additional charge of “abusing the rights to freedom and democracy to infringe upon the interests of the state, the legitimate rights and interests of organizations and individuals” under article 331 of the penal code.

In June 2022, a Binh Thuan provincial court convicted and sentenced him to an additional three years in prison under article 331.

Dang Dinh Bach
Sentenced: 5 years

Dang Dinh Bach (born 1978) is an environmental activist who is serving a five-year prison sentence on a politically motivated tax evasion charge.

Dang Dinh Bach was the director of Law & Policy of Sustainable Development (LPSD), an independent and non-profit center working to promote sustainable development in Vietnam. The center has participated in many environmental coalitions including Mekong Legal Network, Save the Mekong Coalition, Vietnam Environmental Network, and Vietnam Sustainable Energy Alliance. It spearheaded grassroots programs such as Green Sunday, educating people to reduce the use of plastics and increase planting trees.

In November 2020, Dang Dinh Bach joined 29 other civil society activists to establish the Vietnam Non-Government Organizations and European Union - Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (VNGO-EVFTA) network to promote the participation of independent civil society groups in the Domestic Advisory Group, a body the EU and Vietnam agreed to set up to allow independent civil society to monitor the implementation of EVFTA. Dang Dinh Bach was elected to the network executive board.

In addition to his advocacy for the environment, Dang Dinh Bach also voiced his opinions on issues deemed politically sensitive in Vietnam, including expressing sympathy for victims of the Tiananmen Square massacre in China in 1989, supporting protesters in Hong Kong in 2019, and raising concerns about the problematic case of death-row prisoner Ho Duy Hai.

In January 2022, the authorities put Dang Dinh Bach on trial, and the court convicted and sentenced him to five years in prison. Dang Dinh Bach appealed the verdict in August, but his appeal was rejected. During the appeal trial, the authorities claimed that Dang Dinh Bach did not "repent".

The European Union protested the imprisonment of Dang Dinh Bach in August 2022.

According to Dang Dinh Bach's wife, he went on at least three hunger strikes (in January, July and November 2022) to protest against his arbitrary arrest and detention.

Mai Phan Loi
Sentenced: 3 years

Mai Phan Loi (born 1971) is currently serving a three years and nine months prison sentence on a politically motivated tax evasion charge.

Mai Phan Loi is a journalist who vigorously campaigned for media freedom, clean environment, public health, women’s rights, children’s rights, rights for people with disabilities, business social responsibility, anti-corruption, and other socio-political issues. He served as the head of Ho Chi Minh City Law newspaper office in Hanoi, and also the deputy editorial secretary of the same newspaper until 2016.

In 2010, Mai Phan Loi founded the Center for Research on Development Communication (RED Communication) “to promote change in the media environment.” One of the first important projects of RED Communication was to carry out research, funded by the British government, about “acts of obstructing press operations.” After receiving responses from approximately 72,000 readers of six online newspapers and 384 journalists in Vietnam, the research concluded that almost 88 percent of Vietnamese journalists had experienced one form of obstruction or another. The research presented 12 forms of obstructions that were found, offered possible causes and explanations including inadequate laws to protect journalists, and made concrete recommendations to the government.

In 2012, Mai Phan Loi founded Center for Media in Educating Community (MEC). The MEC carried out many projects related to journalism and NGOs. The center coordinated with the World Bank in Vietnam to organize a conference about legal framework for journalism examining anti-corruption issues. The US embassy in Hanoi funded MEC to spearhead a project on “enhanc[ing] the capability for journalists to report on land policies and urban development.” The UK embassy also supported MEC to study about “the difficulties and advantage for newspapers’ reports on corruption at provincial level.”

Also in 2012, Mai Phan Loi founded a private Facebook group called Forum for Young Journalists to provide a space for journalists at all stages of their careers to share their experiences, career lessons, and views on social issues, culture, sport and economics. As of 2023, the group boasted almost 35,000 members.

On May 24, 2016, Mai Phan Loi was one the six invitees the Vietnamese government allowed to attend a meeting between civil society representatives and US President Barack Obama during his visit to Hanoi. Obama said that Mai Phan Loi “advocates on behalf of freedom of speech and press and the Internet” and is “doing important training throughout the country.” Police placed others under house arrest or physical detention to prevent them from joining the meeting. Less than a month later, on June 20, the Ho Chi Minh City Law newspaper fired him, and the authorities revoked his press card, claiming he had used a disrespectful word in a poll he created on Forum for Young Journalists about possible causes for a military airplane crash. The police also summoned him and interrogated him repeatedly. On June 23, he announced that he might have to shut down Forum for Young Journalists. He eventually gave up the administrator role for the Facebook group.

In February 2017, Mai Phan Loi founded and managed a public Facebook group Perspective of Citizen-Journalism Forum (Goc nhin Bao chi – Cong dan). The forum aims to provide citizens’ views on the media. Two months later, he founded GTV (G Television), a live multimedia channel for the forum. Between February 2017 and July 2021 (when Mai Phan Loi was arrested), GTV produced 485 videos, covering a wide range of topics including use of environmentally friendly energy, anti-smoking campaigns, climate change, protection of wild animals, harms caused by the consumption of alcohol, anti-corruption and information transparency, rights of people with disabilities, gender equality, activities of human rights and civil society organizations, children’s rights, and business social responsibility.

In November 2020, Mai Phan Loi joined 29 other civil society activists to establish the Vietnam Non-Government Organizations and European Union - Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (VNGO-EVFTA) network to promote the participation of independent civil society groups in the Domestic Advisory Group, a body the EU and Vietnam agreed to set up to allow independent civil society to monitor the implementation of EVFTA. Mai Phan Loi was elected to the network executive board.

Police arrested Mai Phan Loi on July 2, 2021, and charged him with tax evasion under article 200 of the penal code. The Vietnamese authorities claim that between 2012 and 2021, under Mai Phan Loi’s management, the MEC was funded or contracted to carry out many projects without paying tax. Such projects included “enhancing media capacity for community” funded by the UK embassy, or “training the capacity for cadres and social organizations on mainstream media and on social network” funded by the US embassy.

Nine days after Mai Phan Loi’s arrest, another administrator of the Facebook group Perspective of Citizen-Journalism Forum suspended its operation. On November 8, 2021, the authorities dissolved MEC. In January 2022, a court convicted and sentenced Mai Phan Loi to four years in prison. In August, an appeal court reduced his sentence to three years and nine months.

Le Thanh Tung
Sentenced: 12 years

Le Thanh Tung, also known as Le Ai Quoc, born 1968, is serving a 12-year sentence for calling for democracy in Vietnam.

Le Thanh Tung joined the Vietnam People’s Army in 1986 and was stationed in Vietnam’s Central Highlands and Cambodia. In 1991, he left the army and worked as a freelance laborer. In 2006, Le Thanh Tung began to advocate for freedom and democracy in Vietnam and a year later joined Bloc 8406. Le Thanh Tung blogged and reported as a citizen journalist about land disputes and workers’ strikes. He helped people whose land had been expropriated prepare petitions with supporting documents to hand over to the government. He also penned a number of articles urging the government of Vietnam to adopt a democratic and multi-party political system.

Because of his activism, Le Thanh Tung faced a campaign of official harassment, including being subject to public criticism and forced to make a public self-denunciation. In December 2011, the police arrested and charged him under article 88 of the Vietnam Penal Code for “conducting propaganda against the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.” In August 2012, the People’s Court of Hanoi sentenced him to five years in prison. In November 2012, the People’s Supreme Court reduced his sentence to four years in prison.

Le Thanh Tung was released in June 2015, a few months before the end of his sentence. But he was not free for long. Police arrested him again in December 2015 for allegedly co-founding a group called “National Forces Raise the Flag of Democracy” (Luc luong Quoc dan Dung co Dan chu; see also the case of Tran Anh Kim). The charges this time focused on “activities that aim to overthrow the people’s administration” under article 79. In December 2016, the People’s Court of Thai Binh sentenced him to 12 years in prison.

In August 2017, Le Thanh Tung was transferred from Ba Sao prison in Ha Nam province to prison No. 5 in Thanh Hoa province.

Tran Hoang Phuc
Sentenced: 6 years

Tran Hoang Phuc, born 1994, was convicted to a six-year prison sentence for “conducting propaganda against the state” for posting material critical of the Vietnamese government.

Tran Hoang Phuc is a student from the Law University in Ho Chi Minh City and a member of the Youth Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative (YSEALI). He began participating in social activities in recent years, including by helping flood victims in central Vietnam and participating in pro-human rights activities organized by the Redemptorist Church in Ho Chi Minh City. In May 2016, he publicly boycotted the national election in protest of its pre-determined outcome in a one-party state.

Also in May 2016, Tran Hoang Phuc was invited to a meeting of former US President Barack Obama with members of YSEALI during his visit to Vietnam. Tran Hoang Phuc brought documents related to the environmental disaster in April 2016 off the central coast of Vietnam caused by Formosa, a Taiwanese steel company. As he was waiting in line to enter the meeting room, public security officers arrived and took him to a police station for interrogation. According to Tran Hoang Phuc, the police questioned him about his communications with the United States consulate in Ho Chi Minh City.

In October 2016, Tran Hoang Phuc participated in a meeting in Vung Tau called “Youth and Civil Society,” organized by rights activists. Within minutes, the police broke in, dispersed the meeting, and detained several activists for about 10 hours. Tran Hoang Phuc reported that he was beaten and his cellphone confiscated.

In April 2017, Tran Hoang Phuc and fellow activist Huynh Thanh Phat were abducted in Ba Don, Quang Binh province, by a group of men in civilian clothes wearing surgical masks. The anonymous men used shirts to cover the activists’ faces, pushed them into a small van, and drove them away. During the ride, the men continuously beat the two activists. Tran Hoang Phuc wrote on his Facebook page that the men slapped and punched him. The two were taken to a deserted area in the forest where, according to Tran Hoang Phuc, the men “used bamboo sticks and belts to whip them.” The men took their wallets and cellphones and abandoned them.

In June 2017, the police arrested Tran Hoang Phuc in Hanoi for storing and posting documents that “propagandize against the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam” and charged him under article 88 of the penal code. Shortly after his arrest, a group called “Vietnamese Students for Human Rights Association” announced its formation. According to the group, Tran Hoang Phuc is a founding member. The goal of the association is to promote reforms in universities and establish academic freedom in Vietnam.

In January 2018, the People’s Court of Hanoi convicted and sentenced Tran Hoang Phuc to six years in prison.

Vu Quang Thuan
Sentenced: 8 years

Vu Quang Thuan, born 1966, was convicted to an eight-year prison sentence for “conducting propaganda against the state” for posting video clips critical of the Vietnamese government.

Vu Quang Thuan, also known as Vo Phu Dong, began his pro-democracy activism in 2007 when he and fellow activist Le Thang Long founded “Vietnam Restoration Movement” (Phong trao Chan hung nuoc Viet), which advocated for a multi-party and democratic political system. According to Le Thang Long, the goal of the movement is to advance “Corporate reform, non-violence, dialogue, and listening for the mutual and long-term interest of the country.” Le Thang Long was arrested in June 2009 and charged with subversion. He served three years in prison. Vu Quang Thuan fled to Malaysia where he applied for asylum. While waiting for his case to be heard, Vu Quang Thuan recruited members for his movement and advocated for the rights of Vietnamese laborers working in Malaysia. He told a reporter at Radio Free Asia that he read almost 1,000 labor contracts in which [Vietnamese workers] are not allowed to “join any party or organization, participate in any protest, love and marry any foreigner.” According to the Vietnamese police newspaper An ninh The gioi (World Security), in February 2010, Vu Quang Thuan helped organize three public protests in Kuala Lumpur outside the Vietnamese embassy in Malaysia and the office of the Malaysian prime minister to urge Vietnam to release political detainees and respect freedom of speech, press, media, and association.

In April 2010, Vu Quang Thuan attempted to self-immolate at the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur to protest Malaysia’s deportation of two members of the Vietnam Restoration Movement. He was arrested by Malaysian police and deported to Vietnam in February 2011. Vu Quang Thuan claimed that he had been issued with a document identifying him as a refugee but this was confiscated by the Malaysian police. Upon arrival at Tan Son Nhat airport in Ho Chi Minh City, he was arrested and charged with “conducting propaganda against the state” under penal code section 88. He was released in 2015, after which he immediately went back to activism by using Facebook and YouTube to advocate for democracy and a multiparty political system.

In March 2017, the police arrested Vu Quang Thuan for posting documents that “propagandize against the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam” and charged him under article 88 of the penal code. In January 2018, the People’s Court of Hanoi convicted and sentenced him to eight years in prison.

Nguyen Van Hoa
Sentenced: 7 years

Nguyen Van Hoa, born 1995, is serving a seven-year sentence for sharing and distributing articles and videos critical of the Vietnamese government.

Nguyen Van Hoa is a freelance journalist and environmental activist in Ha Tinh province. In 2016, he participated in protests against Formosa, a Taiwanese steel company that dumped toxic waste and caused a massive marine disaster along the central coast of Vietnam. He advocated for fishermen in his hometown province whose livelihoods were affected by the disaster.

According to state media, Nguyen Van Hoa “used his personal Facebook account to communicate with extreme elements and reactionary subjects, to post photos and videos with contents that stirred protests after the sea environmental incidents and floods in the areas of Ha Tinh, Nghe An, and Quang Binh, in which he himself filmed, photographed and interviewed the people. In particular, on October 2, 2016, Hoa joined a number of people to gather and protest outside the main gate of the Formosa company. He used a flycam to video and livestream on a social network. He called and incited the people into following the leadership of a number of extremists, in order to disrupt order and security and to destroy Formosa’s property.”

In January 2017, Ha Tinh province police arrested Nguyen Van Hoa and charged him with “abusing freedom and democracy to infringe upon the interests of the state” under article 258 of the penal code. In June 2017, the police changed the charge to “conducting propaganda against the state” under article 88 of the penal code. In November 2017, the People’s Court of Ha Tinh province sentenced him to seven years in prison. According to Radio Free Asia, he did not have a defense lawyer.

Hoang Duc Binh
Sentenced: 14 years

Hoang Duc Binh, born 1983, was sentenced to 14 years in prison for his activism to promote the rights of workers and fishermen.

Hoang Duc Binh is vice president of Viet Labor Movement (Phong trao Lao dong Viet), an independent organization founded in 2008 to promote workers’ rights. In December 2015, the police detained him briefly for distributing leaflets that advocated allowing the formation of independent labor unions. The leaflets cited then-Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung’s promise that Vietnamese workers would be able to form and join independent unions under the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership economic agreement. Hoang Duc Binh told Nguoi Viet newspaper that he was beaten in detention. Fellow activists who went to the police station to demand his release were also assaulted.

Hoang Duc Binh has repeatedly and publicly voiced support for political prisoners and detainees. He has also participated in several of the Formosa protests and helped organize groups advocating compensation for fishermen who lost their livelihood in relation to the 2016 toxic spill.

Bao Nghe An, the news organ for the Communist Party branch of Nghe An province, accused Hoang Duc Binh of “often posting and sharing on his personal Facebook account information and materials that propagandize against the regime and advocate for pluralism and multi-parties. Taking advantage of the environmental incident in the central coast, as the vice president of ‘Viet Labor Movement,’ Hoang Duc Binh had pushed for and formed a ‘Union for Fishermen in the Central Region’ [Hiep hoi ngu dan mien Trung], with the intention to build a peripheral organization, to gather forces, and incite Catholic people and fishermen from the Central region to participate in his organization; searching for a ‘nuclear factor’ to incite protests and disrupt security and order.”

On May 15, 2017, Hoang Duc Binh was riding as a passenger in the car of Father Nguyen Dinh Thuc, another human rights defender, when they were stopped by traffic police. Father Thuc wrote in a statement published on the Saigon Broadcasting Television Network website that a group of men in civilian clothes and police in uniform “suddenly appeared, jerked the door open, and forcefully dragged Hoang Duc Binh out of the car and took him away,” without any arrest warrant. That evening, the Nghe An television network broadcast the news of Hoang Duc Binh’s arrest. On the arrest warrant shown on TV, he had written: “I do not agree [with the charges] because the Nghe An police have beaten me and arrested me illegally.”

Nghe An province police charged Hoang Duc Binh with “abusing freedom and democracy to infringe upon the interests of the State, the legitimate interest and rights of organizations and citizens” under article 258 and “resisting persons on public duty” under article 257 of the penal code. In February 2018, the People’s Court of Dien Chau district (Nghe An province) put Hoang Duc Binh on trial and sentenced him to 14 years in prison.

Bui Van Trung
Sentenced: 6 years

Bui Van Trung, born 1964, a Hoa Hao Buddhist activist, was sentenced to a six-year prison sentence for staging a protest against the government’s repression of religious freedom.

Bui Van Trung, also known as Ut Trung, ran an informal home church for independent Hoa Hao Buddhist followers in 2005 and preached the religion to practitioners who gathered at his house on numerous occasions without government approval.

Since then, his family has suffered intrusive surveillance, harassment, and intimidation on a regular basis. In April 2012, the local authorities cut off their electricity, threw rocks and rotten fish at their house, and sprayed water to prevent people from gathering at his house. Local police beat several people, Bui Van Trung told a reporter at Radio Free Asia. In May 2013, the authorities harassed, intimidated, and assaulted many of the people who tried to attend the ceremony commemorating the anniversary of his mother’s death.

His family members have also been imprisoned. In July 2012, his son Bui Van Tham was arrested for “resisting people on public order” under article 257 of the penal code. He was convicted and sentenced to two years and six months in prison. In October 2012, Bui Van Trung was arrested on the same charge. He was sentenced to four years in prison. In February 2014, Bui Van Trung’s son-in-law Nguyen Van Minh was arrested for a bogus traffic violation, charged with “disrupting public order” under article 245, and sentenced to two years and six months in prison.

On the evening of April 18, 2017, traffic police and men in civilian clothes set up a checkpoint near Bui Van Trung’s house in An Phu district, An Giang province, to stop independent Hoa Hao Buddhist followers who came to attend the anniversary commemoration of Bui Van Trung’s mother’s death. The police did not cite them for traffic violations but confiscated their papers. Men in civilian clothes cursed and threatened to beat them while traffic police did not intervene. This appeared to follow a pattern of plainclothes ‘thugs’ being used by police for intimidation. The next morning, traffic police and men in civilian clothes again set up the checkpoint. The traffic police instructed men in civilian clothes to impound the motorbikes of Mai Thi Dung, a former political prisoner, and of another Hoa Hao Buddhist follower, who were both stopped at the checkpoint, though neither were cited for any traffic violations. When Bui Van Trung’s son Bui Van Tham tried to stop the men from taking the motorbikes, they beat him. In response, Bui Van Trung and dozens of Hoa Hao Buddhist followers then staged a public demonstration to protest government repression.

In June 2017, An Giang province police arrested Bui Van Trung and charged him with “disrupting public order” under article 245 of the criminal code. In February 2018, the People’s Court of An Phu district (An Giang province) put Bui Van Trung and five other Hoa Hao Buddhists activists on trial. Bui Van Trung and his son Bui Van Tham were sentenced to six years in prison; his daughter Bui Thi Bich Tuyen received a three-year sentence; and his wife Le Thi Hen, received a two-year suspended sentence. Two other Hoa Hao Buddhist activists, Le Hong Hanh and Nguyen Hoang Nam, received three-year and four-year prison sentences respectively.

Truong Minh Duc
Sentenced: 12 years

Truong Minh Duc, born 1960, was convicted to 12 years in prison for being affiliated with a pro-democracy group.

Truong Minh Duc is a journalist who wrote and published in various mainstream newspapers in Vietnam, including Vanguard (Tien phong), Youth (Thanh nien), Law (Phap luat), and Kien Giang (the newspaper of his hometown). His writing exposed corruption and wrongdoing committed by local authorities involved in land ownership. He called people to help those in difficult situations. In 2006, he joined the pro-democracy Bloc 8406 and the Populist Party, which “aims to participate in the struggle to advance social democratic process and to build a new Vietnam with peace, freedom, prosperity and progress.”

Truong Minh Duc was arrested in May 2007 and charged with “abusing rights to democracy and freedom to infringe upon the interest of the state” under article 258 of the penal code. He was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison. Since completing his prison term in May 2012, Truong Minh Duc resumed writing about rights issues. He advocates for fellow prisoners of conscience who continue to face harassment in prison simply because they refuse to repent. He joined the Free Viet Labor Federation (Lao dong Viet) from 2014-2016 and the Viet Labor Movement (Phong trao Lao dong Viet) in 2016 to campaign for workers’ rights. He is also a member of the Former Vietnamese Prisoners of Conscience (Hoi Cuu Tu nhan Luong tam Viet Nam), and the Brotherhood for Democracy, founded in 2013 “to defend human rights recognized by the Vietnam Constitution and international conventions” and “to promote the building of a democratic, progressive, civilized and just society for Vietnam.” He campaigned against Formosa, a Taiwanese steel company that dumped toxic waste into the sea and caused a massive marine disaster along the central coast of Vietnam.

Due to his human rights activities, Truong Minh Duc encountered harassment, intimidation, house arrest, interrogation, and physical assault. In September 2014, when Truong Minh Duc went with three other activists to the Ministry of Public Security in Hanoi to inquire about the prohibition of labor rights campaigner Do Thi Minh Hanh’s trip abroad, a group of men in civilian clothes attacked and beat him until he lost consciousness. In November 2014, he was severely beaten by a group of eight men, one of whom he identified as a police officer named Hoa, who interrogated and beat him two months earlier at the police station of My Phuoc ward, Ben Cat district (Binh Duong province). In November 2015, the police of Dong Nai province detained and assaulted Truong Minh Duc and labor activist Do Thi Minh Hanh for helping workers at Yupoong Company exercise their rights.

In July 2017, the police arrested Truong Minh Duc and charged him with carrying out activities that aimed to overthrow the people’s administration under to article 79 of the penal code.

Truong Minh Duc was awarded a Hellman/Hammett free expression grant in 2013 and the Vietnam Human Rights award by the Vietnam Human Rights Network in 2010.

Nguyen Trung Ton
Sentenced: 12 years

Nguyen Trung Ton, born 1972, was convicted to 12 years in prison for being affiliated with a pro-democracy group.

Nguyen Trung Ton is an independent Protestant pastor and a blogger whose writings focus on the lack of religious freedom and other rights issues in Vietnam. He has written about local land confiscation and corruption that has driven many peasants into landless situations. He criticized the government’s spending of tax money on festivals instead of building infrastructure, schools, or helping the poor. He supported fellow religious activists including independent Hoa Hao Buddhist leader Le Quang Liem and Mennonite pastor Duong Kim Khai. Nguyen Trung Ton has written about police harassment and assaults against him and his family.

Nguyen Trung Ton has encountered harassment, intimidation, house arrest, interrogation, and physical assault on numerous occasions. In May 2003, men in civilian clothes attacked his home, which he had turned into a house church. In June 2006, he was summoned by the police after attending a church worship service and was assaulted during interrogation. In August 2009, during an independent praying session at a private house, men in civilian clothes accompanied by local officials attacked and beat Nguyen Trung Ton’s family and fellow religious activists. In June 2010, his teenage son Nguyen Trung Trong Nghia was beaten on his way to school by five anonymous men after his father exposed police abuses.

Nguyen Trung Ton was arrested in January 2011 for conducting propaganda against the state and was sentenced to two years in prison. After completing his prison term in January 2013, Nguyen Trung Ton immediately resumed his campaign for human rights and democracy. He wrote a prison memoir that was published in Dan Lam Bao (Citizen Journalism). He advocated for political prisoners to be released. He joined the Former Vietnamese Prisoners of Conscience (Hoi Cuu Tu nhan Luong tam Viet Nam) and the Brotherhood for Democracy, founded in 2013 “to defend human rights recognized by the Vietnam Constitution and international conventions” and “to promote the building of a democratic, progressive, civilized and just society for Vietnam.” He campaigned against Formosa, a Taiwanese steel company that dumped toxic waste into the sea and caused a massive marine disaster along the central coast of Vietnam.

In February 2017, Nguyen Trung Ton and a friend took a bus from Quang Thing commune, Thanh Hoa province to Ba Don town, Quang Binh province. Upon arrival, a group of seven or eight young men in civilian clothing dragged them into a van, took their belongings, stripped their clothes off, covered their heads with their jackets, and beat them repeatedly with iron tubes. The perpetrators later abandoned Nguyen Trung Ton and his friend in a deserted forest in Ha Tinh province. Nguyen Trung Ton was seriously injured and had to undergo an operation at a local hospital.

In July 2017, the police arrested Nguyen Trung Ton and charged him for carrying out activities that aimed to overthrow the people’s administration under article 79 of the penal code.

Nguyen Trung Ton was awarded a Hellman/Hammett free expression grant in 2013.

Pham Van Troi
Sentenced: 7 years

Pham Van Troi, born 1972, was convicted to 7 years in prison for being affiliated with a pro-democracy group.

Pham Van Troi is a blogger who has used various pen names to write about human rights, democracy, land rights, religious freedom, and territorial disputes between China and Vietnam. He was an active member of the Committee for Human Rights in Vietnam, one of the only human rights organizations to ever operate in Vietnam, until all of its leaders were arrested. He also wrote for the dissident bulletin To Quoc (Fatherland). Since 2006, he has encountered numerous cases of harassment, house arrest, physical assault, and interrogation.

Police arrested Pham Van Troi in September 2008 and charged him with conducting propaganda against the state under article 88 of the penal code. In May 2009, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention determined that Pham Van Troi had been wrongfully detained. Despite its conclusion, he was sentenced in October 2009 to four years in prison. According to the indictment reported by state media, Pham Van Troi wrote “‘A denouncement of the security policy of the State and the Communist Party of Vietnam’ in November 2006 with content that distorts the truth and slanders the State as an oppressor of democracy. In addition, Troi gave interviews via telephone and slander that the police and the masses repressed and beat him.”

After completing his prison term in September 2012, Pham Van Troi immediately resumed his campaign for human rights and democracy. In April 2013, he helped found a group called Brotherhood for Democracy “to defend human rights recognized by the Vietnam Constitution and international conventions” and “to promote the building of a democratic, progressive, civilized, and just society for Vietnam.” He advocated for political prisoners and detainees including for Tran Anh Kim and Nguyen Van Dai to be released. He campaigned against Formosa, the Taiwanese steel company that dumped toxic waste into the sea and caused a marine disaster along the central coast of Vietnam.

Pham Van Troi was placed under intrusive surveillance. Activists and former political prisoners who visited him were harassed, detained, and beaten. In December 2016, men in civilian clothes threw rocks at his house and broke his window.

Police arrested Pham Van Troi in July 2017 and charged him for carrying out activities that aimed to overthrow the people’s administration under article 79 of the penal code.

He was awarded a Hellman/Hammett free expression grant in 2010.

Nguyen Bac Truyen
Sentenced: 11 years

Nguyen Bac Truyen, born 1968, was convicted to 11 years in prison for being affiliated with a pro-democracy group.

Nguyen Bac Truyen was an entrepreneur who began to participate in humanitarian activities in the early 2000s. He provided aid to victims of national disasters, orphans, and children in remote areas. His company was among the first in Vietnam that adopted a paternity leave policy. He also wrote and published in overseas news websites about repression, injustice, and human rights violations committed by the government. In 2005, he joined the newly founded People’s Democratic Party (Dang Dan chu Nhan dan) to campaign for political pluralism in Vietnam.

Nguyen Bac Truyen was arrested in November 2006 under article 88 of the penal code for conducting propaganda against the state. According to the indictment reported by state media, prior to the 14th APEC Summit (in November 2006), he “distributed leaflets, gathered people to organize protests, and wrote letters to demand a meeting with the American president upon his visit to Ho Chi Minh City.” In May 2007, the People’s Court of Ho Chi Minh City convicted Nguyen Bac Truyen and sentenced him to four years in prison. In August 2007, the People’s Supreme Court reduced his sentence to three years and six months in prison.

Since being released in May 2010, Nguyen Bac Truyen began to publish writings about his fellow political prisoners and the difficulties and discrimination that former political prisoners face. He has been an outspoken member of the Vietnamese Political and Religious Prisoners Fellowship Association (Hoi Ai huu Tu nhan Chinh tri va Ton giao Viet Nam), which provides support to prisoners and their families. He gave interviews to Radio Free Asia and the BBC about his prison experiences and compiled a detailed list of political prisoners in Vietnam to international human rights organizations. Nguyen Bac Truyen advocated for independent Hoa Hao Buddhist followers who suffer repression simply because they did not join the state-sanctioned church. He collaborated with the Redemptorist church in Ho Chi Minh City to carry out humanitarian activities to invalid veterans who fought for the southern army before 1975. He campaigned against Formosa, a Taiwanese steel company that dumped toxic waste into the sea and caused a massive marine disaster along the central coast of Vietnam.

Because of his pro-rights activities, Nguyen Bac Truyen has encountered harassment, intimidation, intrusive surveillance, interrogation, and physical assault on numerous occasions. In August 2010, police in Ho Chi Minh City detained and questioned him after he publicly called on Vietnam's politburo to release political and religious prisoners. In February 2014, a group of fellow activists went to visit Nguyen Bac Truyen and his wife Bui Thi Kim Phuong in Lap Vo district, Dong Thap province. Traffic police and men in civilian clothes stopped the group and attacked them. Three activists were arrested and charged with “disrupting public order” and sentenced to prison. Two weeks later, Nguyen Bac Truyen went to Hanoi to meet with foreign diplomats to campaign for those who were arrested. On the way to the Australian embassy in Hanoi, a group of men in civilian clothes assaulted him and broke his nose. In September 2016, Nguyen Bac Truyen and his wife were on their way home when a group of men in civilian clothes attacked them and used helmets to beat them.

Police arrested Nguyen Bac Truyen in July 2017 and charged him with carrying out activities that aimed to overthrow the people’s administration according to article 79 of the penal code.

Nguyen Bac Truyen was awarded a Hellman/Hammett free expression grant in 2011 and the Vietnam Human Rights award by the Vietnam Human Rights Network in 2014.

Nguyen Viet Dung
Sentenced: 6 years

Nguyen Viet Dung, born 1986, was convicted to six years for his pro-democracy campaign and pro-rights activities.

Nguyen Viet Dung, also known as Dung Phi Ho, has a long history of social protest. As a high school student, he had a moment of celebrity, winning a prestigious television quiz show called Road to Mount Olympia and gaining admission to the Hanoi University of Science and Technology with outstanding test scores. But he was expelled after two years for his preoccupation with protests. Nguyen Viet Dung was again in the public eye in April 2015 after an arrest for participating in a peaceful pro-environment protest in Hanoi and charged with disrupting public order under article 245 of the penal code. In 2015, he also reportedly founded a political party called the Vietnam Republican Party to campaign for democracy in Vietnam.

In December 2015 he was put on trial at the People’s Court of Hoan Kiem district (Hanoi). During the trial, his lawyers reportedly asked the court to summon witnesses and produce the “victims” of his alleged crime. The court responded by expelling one of the defense lawyers. His other lawyers walked out in protest. Nguyen Viet Dung was sentenced to 15 months in prison, which a higher court reduced to 12 months in March 2016. He later told a freelance reporter that the police beat him and kicked him in the face and ribs when they arrested him.

After his release in April 2016, Nguyen Viet Dung immediately resumed his political and human rights activities with the motto, “No matter what happens, the final result must be Liberty n’ Separation of Powers.” He participated in multiple protests against Formosa, a Taiwanese steel company that dumped toxic waste and caused a massive marine disaster along the central coast of Vietnam. He voiced support for rights campaigners such as prominent activist Nguyen Van Dai and his colleague Le Thu Ha. He also participated in humanitarian activities, such as helping flood victims in Ha Tinh and Quang Binh provinces in October 2016.

In May 2016, when he was visiting fellow activists in Ho Chi Minh City, a group of men in civilian clothes assaulted him and took him to a police station. The police detained him and interrogated him for two days, then escorted him to the airport and sent him back to Vinh. There three men who did not identify themselves abducted him, pushed him into a car, and, as Nguyen Viet Dung later related, beat him brutally. “They punched me on my head and my arms, which bruised from the beating. They did not explain or say anything. They simply beat me continuously in the car. Not only using their fists, they took off their shoes and used the tips of the shoes to whip me.” He told a fellow activist that the men held him for a night at a hotel in Nghe An province, where they continued to beat him and forced him to write an incriminating statement, then released him.

In March 2017, police detained several activists for participating in a commemoration of Vietnamese soldiers who died during the Johnson South Reef Skirmish between Vietnam and China in 1988. Nguyen Viet Dung and his friend Do Thanh Van went to the police station in Bach Khoa ward to demand the release of their fellow activists. Men in civilian clothes assaulted them.

Shortly before his arrest, Nguyen Viet Dung had been conducting interviews “about the current state of over-charging at schools and the thoughts and wishes of students and their parents in the area where he lived,” a fellow activist said.

The police of Nghe An province arrested Nguyen Viet Dung in September 2017 and charged him with “conducting propaganda against the state” under penal code article 88. He was put on trial in April 2018 and convicted to seven years in prison. In August 2018, an appeal court reduced his sentence to six years in prison.

Le Dinh Luong
Sentenced: 20 years

Le Dinh Luong, born 1965, is convicted to 20 years in prison for campaigning for human rights and democracy.

Le Dinh Luong is a Catholic activist who has participated in many activities deemed politically unacceptable by the Vietnamese authorities. He signed a petition against bauxite mining in the Central Highlands. He joined public protests Formosa Ha Tinh Steel, the Taiwanese company that dumped toxic waste into the ocean, causing massive fish deaths and an environmental disaster off Vietnam’s central coast in April 2016.

He publicly declared a boycott of the national election in May 2016. He also expressed support for political prisoners such as Nguyen Van Dai, Nguyen Viet Dung, and Ho Duc Hoa. To show solidarity, Le Dinh Luong frequently visited former political prisoners upon their release from prison, as well as the families of people in prison for campaigning for democracy and human rights.

Le Dinh Luong campaigned to revoke laws used to silence dissent such as article 258 of the 1999 Penal Code, which imposes up to seven years in prison for “abusing the rights to freedom and democracy to infringe upon the interests of the state.” According to his nephew, prominent rights activist Le Quoc Quan, Le Dinh Luong also campaigned for the rights of farmers to refuse to pay excessive educational and agricultural output fees imposed by local authorities.

In August 2015, Le Dinh Luong and several other activists visited a political activist, Tran Minh Nhat, in Lam Ha district, Lam Dong province. Police released Tran Minh Nhat shortly after he completed a four-year sentence for allegedly being involved in the foreign-based political party Viet Tan. When the visitors were leaving the area, men in civilian clothes brutally attacked them.

On July 24, 2017, Le Dinh Luong and a fellow activist, Thai Van Hoa, visited the family of a former political prisoner, Nguyen Van Oai, who had been arrested a second time in January 2017. Thai Van Hoa said that when they left, a group of men in civilian clothes beat them and forced them into separate vans. Later that day, the police announced that they arrested Le Dinh Luong and charged him with “carry[ing] out activities that aim to overthrow the people’s administration” under penal code article 79. The police and the army newspapers accused Le Dinh Luong of being a “dangerous reactionary” and a member of the outlawed Viet Tan party.

In August 2018, the People’s Court of Nghe An put him on trial and convicted him to 20 years in prison.

Nguyen Van Tuc
Sentenced: 13 years

Nguyen Van Tuc, born 1964, is serving a 13-year prison sentence for campaigning for democracy and human rights.

Nguyen Van Tuc started campaigning against corruption and land rights confiscations in the early 2000s in his hometown of Dong La commune, Dong Hung district, Thai Binh province. He later joined the 8406 Bloc, a group founded on April 8, 2006 to advocate for a multi-party, democratic political system and human rights in Vietnam. He published articles denouncing the authorities for corruption and their abuses of human rights.

He wrote, “I am a land rights petitioner with little education. But the love I feel for my fellow people and the pain I feel for my nation compels me to be brave and speak against social injustice. Even if I had to sacrifice my life so that people will be able to attain happiness, the country attain freedom and democracy, and society can improve, I would do so, without any regret.”

In September 2008, the police arrested Nguyen Van Tuc after he and other activists hung a banner on an overpass in the city of Hai Phong that said, “the ward of Tien Phong resolutely fights to eliminate corruption. [We] request the Government to firmly defend our Fatherland. [We] request the Communist Party of Vietnam to accept pluralism and a multi-party system.” Authorities charged him with conducting propaganda against the state under article 88 of the 1999 penal code. In October 2009, the People’s Court of Hai Phong put Nguyen Van Tuc and five other activists on trial. He was convicted and sentenced to four years in prison.

Upon his release from prison in September 2012, he immediately resumed his campaign for human rights and democracy. He joined the Brotherhood for Democracy, which was founded in April 2013 by Nguyen Van Dai, and fellow human rights activists “to defend human rights recognized by the Vietnam Constitution and international conventions” and “to promote the building of a democratic, progressive, civilized and just society for Vietnam.” The Brotherhood for Democracy has served as a network for activists both inside and outside of Vietnam.

Nguyen Van Tuc was arrested again in September 2017 and charged with “carrying out activities that aim to overthrow the people’s administration” under article 79 of the 1999 penal code. The People’s Daily accused him of joining “a reactionary organization that operates illegally, with a plot to eliminate the leadership role of the Communist Party of Vietnam, to overthrow the people’s administration and change the political regime.”

In April 2018, during a trial that lasted only several hours, the People’s Court of Thai Binh convicted him and sentenced him to 13 years in prison.

Nguyen Van Tuc’s wife, Bui Thi Re, has publicly stated her husband is in poor health, with ailments including heart disease and keratitis, an inflammation of the eye.

Nguyen Trung Truc
Sentenced: 12 years

Nguyen Trung Truc, born 1974, is convicted and sentenced to 12 years in prison for campaigning for democracy and human rights.

Nguyen Trung Truc has a long history of involvement in pro-democracy activities. He was a boat person who spent more than seven years in a refugee camp in Hong Kong in 1990s, then was deported back to Vietnam in 1997. In 2003, he went to work in Malaysia, where he joined the Vietnam Restoration Movement (Phong trao Chan hung nuoc Viet), founded by the rights activists Vu Quang Thuan and Le Thang Long. The organization advocated for Vietnam to adopt a multi-party, democratic political system. Le Thang Long says that the movement’s goal is to advance “corporate reform, non-violence, dialogue, and listening for the mutual and long-term interest of the country.”

The police newspaper said in September 2017 that Nguyen Trung Truc “actively wrote many reactionary documents with content that propagandized a distorted image of Vietnam; answered interviews and participated in illegal protests in Malaysia.” Malaysia deported him back to Vietnam in September 2012.

In August 2015, Nguyen Trung Truc joined the Brotherhood for Democracy, which was founded in April 2013 by rights campaigner Nguyen Van Dai and fellow activists. With the stated goal “to defend human rights recognized by the Vietnam Constitution and international conventions” and “to promote the building of a democratic, progressive, civilized, and just society for Vietnam,” the Brotherhood for Democracy is a network of activists both in and outside Vietnam who campaign for human rights and democracy in Vietnam.

Nguyen Trung Truc acted as the group’s representative in Vietnam’s central region. He participated in protests against Formosa, a Taiwanese steel company that dumped toxic waste into the sea and caused a massive marine disaster along the central coast of Vietnam in April 2016.

In July 2016, Nguyen Trung Truc and seven other people went to Cua Lo in Nghe An province to attend a wedding of a fellow activist. A group of several dozens of people in civilian clothes attacked and severely beat them, and seized their phones, wallets, and official government identification. The assailants abandoned them in a deserted forest. Nguyen said he suffered a bruised back and bloody mouth, nose, and ears and later required stiches for a cut on his ear.

Nguyen Trung Truc was arrested in August 2017 and charged with “carrying out activities that aim to overthrow the people’s administration” under article 79 of the 1999 penal code. In September 2018, the People’s Court of Quang Binh province sentenced him to 12 years in prison.

Nguyen Ngoc Anh
Sentenced: 6 years

Nguyen Ngoc Anh, born 1980, was convicted to a six-year prison sentence for his posts on Facebook. Nguyen Ngoc Anh was an entrepreneur who owned a shrimp farm in the town of Binh Dai, Ben Tre province. He participated in pro-environment protests against Formosa, a Taiwanese steel company that dumped toxic waste into the sea and caused a massive die off of marine creatures along the central coast of Vietnam in April 2016. His public boycott of the neither free nor fair national election in May 2016 also prompted the government’s anger. He had also repeatedly voiced support for political prisoners such as Tran Huynh Duy Thuc, Tran Thi Nga, Ho Van Hai, and others.

Nguyen Ngoc Anh wrote: “Whether you are a worker, a freelancer, or a farmer like myself, if you dare to speak up against oppression, the destruction of environment, and the health of the Vietnamese, if you refuse to submit to indignity and ignominy, you may suffer pain or even death, but you should be proud that you live faithful to your conscience.”

The police of Ben Tre arrested Nguyen Ngoc Anh in August 2018 and charged him with “making, storing, disseminating, or propagandizing information, materials, and products that aim to oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam” under article 117 of the 2015 penal code.

State media claimed he “used his personal Facebook account to publicly write, share many articles and video clips, and access many live streams of reactionary subjects both inside and outside Vietnam, with the content that propagandize badly about the State and the Communist Party of Vietnam; he called, agitated, and incited people to protest and destroy in June 2018 and the upcoming celebration of September 2.”

In an interview with the Vietnam Times, Nguyen Ngoc Anh’s wife, Nguyen Thi Chau, said the police tricked their 4-year-old son to unlock the password of his father’s cell phone. Nguyen Ngoc Anh’s father died in March, but the police refused to permit him to attend the funeral.

In June 2019, the People’s Court of Ben Tre province put him on trial and convicted him to six years in prison.

Luu Van Vinh
Sentenced: 15 years

Luu Van Vinh, born 1967, was convicted to 15 years in prison sentence for being affiliated with a pro-democracy group.

Luu Van Vinh frequently participated in anti-China protests and pro-environment demonstrations in Ho Chi Minh City. He attended meetings with activists to discuss human rights issues. In April 2015, police detained him for more than 12 hours after he visited the children of land rights petitioners who were serving time in prison for throwing acid at police who evicted them from their home in Long An province.

In July 2016, Luu Van Vinh announced the formation of the Vietnam National Self-Determination Coalition, an independent political group. The announcement asserted that political parties and civil society groups both inside and outside of Vietnam need to join together to provide a counterpoint to the Communist Party’s views.

Police arrested Luu Van Vinh in November 2016 and charged him under article 79 of the 1999 penal code. Doan Minh Tuan, a coalition member who later fled and sought asylum in Thailand, told a reporter at Vietnam Sydney Radio that he was visiting Luu Van Vinh that morning and witnessed the arrest. Security agents in civilian clothes burst into the house and detained them without showing any arrest warrants. During the arrest, police beat them both, and then took them to a police headquarters, which they couldn’t identify, for interrogation.

Security agents took Luu Van Vinh back to his house that afternoon and read him the arrest warrant. Doan Minh Tuan said he was detained for three days, then released and put under intrusive surveillance. During the next four months, police summoned Doan Minh Tuan and interrogated him many times, pressuring him to admit guilt and report on Luu Van Vinh. Doan Minh Tuan fled to Cambodia and then to Thailand in April 2017.

In May 2018, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention issued an opinion that the arrest of Luu Van Vinh was arbitrary. It “considers that, taking into account all the circumstances of the case, in particular the risk of harm to Mr. Vinh’s health, the appropriate remedy would be to release Mr. Vinh immediately and accord him an enforceable right to compensation and other reparations, in accordance with international law.”

In October 2018, the People’s Court of Ho Chi Minh put him on trial and convicted him to 15 years in prison.

Pham Van Diep
Sentenced: 9 years

Pham Van Diep, born 1965, is a human rights and pro-democracy blogger. He was convicted and sentenced to nine years in prison for posting his opinions on Facebook.

Pham Van Diep is a longtime human rights advocate and critic of the Vietnamese government. He has repeatedly used blogs, and later his Facebook account, to address human rights abuses. Originally from Thanh Hoa, he traveled to Russia to study in December 1992 and stayed until June 2016. He began to write and publish online opinion pieces critical of the government in 2002.

In the summer of 2011, during a trip home to Vietnam, Pham Van Diep participated in two anti-China protests in Hanoi. In 2012, he wrote an open letter to the Communist Party of Vietnam, criticizing article 4 of the Vietnam Constitution, which declares that the Communist Party is the leading force of the state and the society. He also urged the Vietnamese government to abolish former article 258 (now article 331) of the penal code and immediately release anyone imprisoned under this article. He has previously faced numerous problems traveling to and from Vietnam and has filed court cases challenging restrictions imposed on his travel – always without success.

Pham Van Diep tried to enter Vietnam twice in June 2016 and was denied entry, then tried again from Laos, where his passport was confiscated. He then staged a protest against Vietnam’s Communist Party at the Victory Monument in Vientiane, was arrested, and charged with “using the territory of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic to oppose neighboring countries.” A Laos court put him on trial in February 2018, convicted him, and sentenced him to 21 months in prison.

Pham Van Diep was released in March 2018 and taken by Laos police to the Cau Treo border crossing. Vietnamese authorities, for reasons that are not clear, allowed him to enter the country. In June 2018, he participated in a protest in Hanoi against a draft bill on special economic zones. The police detained him for several hours, during which they struck him three times in the head, he said. He filed a lawsuit against the police citing their excessive force, which a court dismissed, then petitioned the government to protest the decision.

Pham Van Diep opened a Facebook account in October 2018. He posted and shared news on social and political issues such as land confiscation, police brutality, corruption, and the protests in Hong Kong. He criticized the cyber security law and urged the government to abolish the-Party-elects-the-People voting system to move toward a free election.

The police of Thanh Hoa province arrested him in June 2019 and charged him with “making, storing, disseminating or propagandizing information, materials and products that aim to oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,” under article 117 of the country’s penal code. In November 2019, the People’s Court of Thanh Hoa province convicted and sentenced Pham Van Diep to 9 years in prison.

Nguyen Nang Tinh
Sentenced: 11 years

Nguyen Nang Tinh, born 1976, is a human rights and pro-democracy activist. He was convicted and sentenced to 11 years in prison for posting his opinions on Facebook.

Nguyen Nang Tinh was a music lecturer at Nghe An province’s College of Culture and Art. On Facebook, he previously voiced support for political prisoners including Le Dinh Luong, Tran Huynh Duy Thuc, Nguyen Van Hoa, Ho Duc Hoa, Nguyen Huu Vinh (also known as Anh Ba Sam; who completed his prison term in May 2019), and now-in-exile activists Nguyen Van Dai and Dang Xuan Dieu.

He also posted an image of a protest against a new draft law on a special economic zone, and protests against Formosa Ha Tinh Steel, a Taiwanese company that dumped toxic waste into the ocean, which caused an environmental disaster off Vietnam’s central coast in April 2016. Videos on YouTube show him teaching children a song about human rights written by a former political prisoner, Vo Minh Tri (also known as Viet Khang). He has also supported the Vinh Human Development Fund, a Catholic charity, and raised money to help the poor.

Nguyen Nang Tinh has previously been the victim of violence by thugs – in May 2014 and November 2015 – most likely carried out by police in civilian clothes. At the first beating, uniformed police were present and did nothing to intervene.

Police in Nghe An province arrested Nguyen Nang Tinh in May 2019, and charged him with “making, storing, disseminating or propagandizing information, materials and products that aim to oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,” under article 117 of the country’s penal code. State-owned media announced the charges related to Facebook posts, many of which are critical of the government and Communist Party of Vietnam.

In November 2019, the People’s Court of Nghe An province convicted and sentenced Nguyen Nang Tinh to 11 years in prison.

Nguyen Quoc Duc Vuong
Sentenced: 8 years

Nguyen Quoc Duc Vuong, born 1991, is serving an eight-year prison sentence for conducting propaganda against the state.

Nguyen Quoc Duc Vuong used Facebook to express views supporting democracy in Vietnam and criticized the Communist Party of Vietnam for corruption and monopolizing power. In one of his livestreams, he said: “I am not certain that the entire state apparatus is corrupt, but I am 100 percent certain that those who have been involved in corruption are Communist Party members. Vietnam only allows one single party and does not allow any competing opposition.”

In other posts or livestreams, Nguyen Quoc Duc Vuong has shared news about protests in Hong Kong and voiced support for a change of government in Venezuela. He has also shared stories about land confiscation issues in Vietnam and raised cases of various Vietnamese political prisoners including Tran Huynh Duy Thuc, Nguyen Viet Dung, and Phan Kim Khanh.

According to an official communist party journal, in June 2018, Nguyen Quoc Duc Vuong participated in a major protest in Ho Chi Minh City against the draft law on special economic zones and the newly passed cybersecurity law. The police reportedly fined him 750,000 VND (approximately US$32).

Police in the southern province of Lam Dong arrested Nguyen Quoc Duc Vuong on September 23, 2019, and charged him with “making, storing, disseminating or propagandizing information, materials and products that aim to oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,” under article 117 of the country’s penal code.

After his September arrest, state media quoted police, saying: “[O]ver the last two years, Nguyen Quoc Duc Vuong has used social media to make and distribute materials, propagandize and distort, blacken and slander the regime, offend the memory of President Ho Chi Minh and oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.” Police officials said they had warned him not to post critical material online, but that he did not stop.

In July 2020, a court in Lam Dong province convicted and sentenced him to eight years in prison.

Huynh Thuc Vy
Sentenced: 2 years amd 9 months

Huynh Thuc Vy, born 1985, is serving a two-year and nine-month prison sentence for splashing white paint on Vietnam’s national flag.

Huynh Thuc Vy is a political blogger whose writing has spread extensively on the internet. Her father, Huynh Ngoc Tuan, served 10 years in prison between 1992-2002 for attempting to send a novella and several short stories critical of government policies to overseas audiences. Due to her father’s status as a political prisoner, Huynh Thuc Vy and her family suffered from harassment, intimidation, and politically motivated discrimination by the authorities during her childhood.

She began publishing articles online in late 2008. Touching upon various social and political issues, her writing promotes a multi-party political system, freedom, and respect for human rights. She also urges young people to become socially and politically engaged. She regularly writes in support of activists who have been imprisoned for their peaceful activism. In 2015, a collection of her writings, Identifying the Truth, Freedom & Human Rights, was published abroad.

In 2012, Huynh Thuc Vy received a Hellman-Hammett award, given to writers who suffered persecution, along with her father Huynh Ngoc Tuan. In December 2012, the police at Tan Son Nhat airport in Ho Chi Minh city prohibited her brother Huynh Trong Hieu from traveling to the United States to receive the Hellman-Hammett awards given to his father and his sister, and confiscated his passport. Authorities said they acted on request from the police of Quang Nam province where the Huynh family resided at the time.

In November 2013, Huynh Thuc Vy and fellow activists launched a group called Vietnamese Women for Human Rights. The group aims to “enhance individual awareness about human dignities and her basic rights as well as others’, in order to advocate for a society which respects human rights.”

Huynh Thuc Vy participated in public protests against Vietnam’s proposed special economic zone law and the problematic cyber security law. She campaigned against the loss of rights and livelihoods caused by Formosa, a Taiwan-owned steel company that dumped toxic waste into the ocean off Vietnam’s central coast in April 2016, causing a massive environmental disaster. She continuously advocated for an end to police’s excessive use of force, and violence and torture in detention. She voiced demands for authorities to end harassment and surveillance, and immediately release political prisoners including Tran Huynh Duy Thuc, Tran Thi Nga, Le Dinh Luong, and many others. She also worked to research the plight of lesser known Montagnard activists and raise awareness about government persecution of freedom of religion and belief in the Central Highlands.

Huynh Thuc Vy and her family have suffered years of harassment and abuse at the hands of authorities because of their political activism. For example, in December 2013, a group of unidentified men assaulted her father Huynh Ngoc Tuan when he was campaigning to form an association of former prisoners of conscience (Hoi Cuu Tu nhan Luong tam). In February 2014, unidentified thugs threw rocks into their house in the town of Tam Ky, Quang Nam province. In July 2015, police at Tan Son Nhat airport prohibited Huynh from leaving Vietnam for Bangkok to attend a training course organized by Reporters Without Borders. The police also confiscated her passport at that time and told her they acted on an order from the Quang Nam provincial police.

In October 2018, a court convicted and sentenced Huynh Thuc Vy to two years and nine months in prison for “disrespecting the national flag” under article 276 of the 1999 penal code. However, she did not have to serve her prison sentence right away because she was pregnant at the time of her trial. Huynh Thuc Vy began to serve her prison sentence in December 2021.

Pham Chi Dung
Sentenced: 15 years

Pham Chi Dung, born 1966, is serving a 15-year prison sentence for conducting propaganda against the state.

Pham Chi Dung is an independent journalist who has written on various social and political issues for years. He has campaigned for democracy, media freedom, political plurality, the rule of law, and the development of civil society. He is a founding member and president of the Independent Journalists Association of Vietnam.

He participated in anti-China and pro-environment protests, attended numerous human rights discussions, and supported fellow activists and political prisoners. Police have frequently harassed, intimidated, and detained him, and imposed house arrest and travel bans. In July 2012, the police arrested and charged him with subversion under article 79 and conducting propaganda against the state under article 88 of the penal code. After holding him for seven months, they dropped the charges and released him in February 2013.

In November 2019, he published a commentary piece on Voice of America and signed a joint letter for nongovernmental groups to urge the EU to postpone the approval of the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement until Vietnam improved its abysmal rights record. Less than a week later, on November 21, police arrested him in Ho Chi Minh City and charged him with “making, storing, disseminating, or propagandizing information, materials, and products that aim to oppose the state of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.”

In January 2021, a court in Ho Chi Minh City convicted and sentenced him to 15 years in prison.

Nguyen Tuong Thuy
Sentenced: 11 years

Nguyen Tuong Thuy, born 1952, is serving a 11-year prison sentence for conducting propaganda against the state.

Nguyen Tuong Thuy served in the army for 22 years. He began to participate in anti-China protests in the early 2000s, and openly voiced his support for prominent dissidents such as Cu Huy Ha Vu and Le Quoc Quan, who were imprisoned for criticizing the government.

In December 2013, he and other activists founded a humanitarian group, Hoi Bau bi Tuong Than (Association of Gourd and Squash Mutual Assistance), to provide financial and spiritual support for political prisoners and land rights petitioners and their families. In April 2014, he went to the United States to testify before Congress about the lack of media freedom in Vietnam. In July 2014, he helped establish the Independent Journalists Association of Vietnam. Until his arrest in May, he served as vice president of the association. Police have previously harassed, intimidated, assaulted, and detained him, and imposed house arrest and a travel ban.

The police arrested Nguyen Tuong Thuy in Hanoi on May 23, 2020, and charged him with “making, storing, disseminating, or propagandizing information, materials, and products that aim to oppose the state of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam” under article 117 of the country’s penal code. According to his family account and a record of items confiscated by the police, Nguyen Tuong Thuy smashed his cell phone against a table instead of providing his password to the police.

In January 2021, a court in Ho Chi Minh City convicted and sentenced him to 11 years in prison.

Le Huu Minh Tuan
Sentenced: 11 years

Le Huu Minh Tuan, born 1989, is serving a 11-year prison sentence for conducting propaganda against the state.

Le Huu Minh Tuan is a graduate of Da Nang University and was a student at Hanoi Law University. He joined the Independent Journalists Association of Vietnam in August 2014. Under the pen name Le Tuan, he has written about various topics including a study of the development of civil society in Russia, Joshua Wong and the democracy protests in Hong Kong, and politics in Vietnam. He has stated that he wants “to campaign for a better society by contributing a critical voice on every front of life.”

Police arrested Le Huu Minh Tuan in Quang Nam province on June 12, 2020, and charged him with “making, storing, disseminating, or propagandizing information, materials, and products that aim to oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam” under article 117 of the penal code.

In January 2021, a court in Ho Chi Minh City convicted and sentenced him to 11 years in prison.

Tran Duc Thach
Sentenced: 12 years

Tran Duc Thach, born 1952, is serving a 12-year prison sentence for being associated with a pro-democracy group.

Tran Duc Thach has written a novel, hundreds of poems, articles, and reports that condemn corruption, injustice, and human rights abuses. A veteran of the People's Liberation Army, he is a member of the Nghe An Writers Club. His 1988 novel, Doi ban tu (Two Companions in Prison) described the arbitrary nature of Vietnam’s legal system and the inhumane conditions in Vietnamese prisons. Poems published under the title Dieu chua thay (Things Still Untold) speak about life without freedom and justice. His short memoir Ho chon nguoi am anh (A Haunting Collective Grave) retells the story of the mass killing of civilians by northern army soldiers at Tan Lap hamlet in Dong Nai province in April 1975, which he witnessed.

The authorities have repeatedly harassed him since 1975. In 1978, to protest his mistreatment, he set himself on fire and was badly burned. In 2008, he participated in anti-China protests and was arrested in September that year. He was accused of writing “many articles that distort the truth, slander, and badmouth the party and the state, and publishing them on To Quoc magazine,” a clandestine dissident bulletin. In October 2009, a court found him guilty of conducting propaganda against the state under article 88 of the penal code. He was sentenced to three years in prison.

After completing his prison term in 2011, Tran Duc Thach resumed his criticism of the Communist Party and the state. He joined the Brotherhood for Democracy in April 2013. On April 23, 2020, police arrested him in Nghe An province and charged him with “carrying out activities that aim to overthrow the people’s government” under article 109 of the penal code. Tran Duc Thach is the 10th member of Brotherhood for Democracy arrested in recent years.

In December 2020, a court in Nghe An province convicted and sentenced him to 12 years in prison.

Dinh Thi Thu Thuy
Sentenced: 7 years

Dinh Thi Thu Thuy, born 1982, is serving a seven-year prison sentence for conducting propaganda against the state.

Dinh Thi Thu Thuy uses Facebook to voice support for political prisoners. In June 2018, she participated in a protest against a draft law on special economic zones and the cybersecurity law. A fellow activist wrote on Facebook that she has often voiced her opinions “on social injustice and the national sovereign violated by communist China.”

Police arrested Dinh Thi Thu Thuy on April 18, 2020, in Hau Giang province and charged her with “making, storing, disseminating, or propagandizing information, materials, and products that aim to oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam” under article 117 of the country’s penal code.

According to state media, “since 2018, Dinh Thi Thu Thuy opened many Facebook accounts to edit, post, and share hundreds of materials that propagandize, distort, and smear the honor of the leaders of the Party and State; provoking oppositional thoughts; spreading false news that cause confusion for people in order to oppose the Communist Party of Vietnam and the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.”

In January 2021, a court in Hau Giang province convicted and sentenced her to seven years in prison.

Pham Chi Thanh
Sentenced: 5 years and 6 months

Pham Chi Thanh, born 1952, is serving a five-and-a-half-year prison sentence for conducting propaganda against the state.

Pham Chi Thanh is a journalist, writer, and blogger. His first novel, Hau Chi Pheo (About Chi Pheo), published in 1991, condemns the land reform in the north in the 1950s, and portrays local communist leaders as corrupt, immoral, stupid, and cruel. In 2007, he lost his position as the editorial secretary at Voice of Vietnam newspaper for writing anti-China articles.

In 2014, he self-published his second novel, Co Hon Xa Nghia (Scarecrow Socialism), which portrayed socialism and the political regime of Vietnam in a highly negative light. In 2019, under the pen name Pham Thanh - Ba Dam Xoe, he published a collection of writing criticizing the Communist Party General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong for being close to China.

On May 21, 2020, the Hanoi police searched Pham Chi Thanh’s house for several hours before arresting him. He was charged with “making, storing, disseminating, or propagandizing information, materials, and products that aim to oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam” under article 117 of the country’s penal code.

In July 2021, a court in Hanoi convicted and sentenced him to five years and six months in prison.

Can Thi Theu
Sentenced: 8 years

Can Thi Theu, born 1962, is serving a eight-year prison sentence for conducting propaganda against the state.

Can Thi Theu emerged in the mid-2000s as a prominent land rights activist who fought against government confiscation of land. In April 2014, the police arrested her for filming government land confiscation and later sentenced her to 15 months in prison for “resisting against those who are on public duties,” under article 257 of the penal code. Her husband was also arrested on the same day and served 14 months in prison on similar charges.

After completing her prison term, Can Thi Theu immediately resumed her human rights advocacy work. She participated in environmental protests, and publicly voiced support for other human rights activists and political prisoners. In June 2016, police arrested her again for participating in a protest against land confiscation, and three months later, she was sentenced to 20 months in prison.

After her release in February 2018, Can Thi Theu immediately restarted her human rights advocacy. She made an impassioned speech to supporters upon her return home, stating that she had only “left a small prison and returned to the big prison.” She condemned the government’s abuses while vowing to continue to fight for human rights and said that other governments and international human rights organizations should voice support for Vietnamese human rights defenders.

In separate arrests on June 24, 2020, police in Hoa Binh province and Hanoi detained Can Thi Theu and her sons Trinh Ba Tu and Trinh Ba Phuong. The three were charged with conducting propaganda against the state under article 117 of Vietnam’s penal code.

Prior to their arrests, the three family members were instrumental in amplifying the voices of the community of Dong Tam commune, where a police raid in January 2020 resulted in the deaths of an 84-year-old farmer, Le Dinh Kinh, and three policemen. Can Thi Theu and her sons were among the authors of the “Dong Tam Report,” which shed light on the violent land clash.

In May 2021, a court in Hoa Binh province convicted and sentenced Can Thi Theu and her son Trinh Ba Tu each to eight years in prison. Upon being asked their names at the trial, both said “my name is Victim of the Communist [regime].”

Trinh Ba Tu
Sentenced: 8 years

Trinh Ba Tu, born 1989, is serving an eight-year prison sentence for conducting propaganda against the state.

Trinh Ba Tu became an activist after witnessing retaliation against his parents, land rights activists Can Thi Theu and Trinh Ba Khiem. In June 2015, when he and other activists were welcoming his father Trinh Ba Khiem as he was released from prison in Nghe An province, a group of men – most likely plainclothes police – attacked them, and Trinh Ba Tu suffered serious injuries. He has engaged in numerous protests and campaigns over human rights, land rights, and environmental protection, among other issues.

In separate arrests on June 24, 2020, police in Hoa Binh province and Hanoi detained Trinh Ba Tu, his mother Can Thi Theu, and his brother Trinh Ba Phuong. The three were charged with conducting propaganda against the state under article 117 of Vietnam’s penal code.

Prior to their arrests, the three family members were instrumental in amplifying the voices of the community of Dong Tam commune, where a police raid in January 2020 resulted in the deaths of an 84-year-old farmer, Le Dinh Kinh, and three policemen. Can Thi Theu and her sons were among the authors of the “Dong Tam Report,” which shed light on the violent land clash.

Trinh Ba Tu appears to have anticipated his arrest. On the day he was arrested, a pre-recorded video was posted on Facebook in which he expressed concern of being tortured and killed by police, and asked supporters and family members to publicly display his body if he was killed, to expose the crimes against him.

Trinh Ba Tu reportedly carried out a 20-day hunger strike in August 2020, protesting “mistreatment against him and other prisoners.”

In May 2021, a court in Hoa Binh province convicted and sentenced Trinh Ba Tu and his mother Can Thi Theu each to eight years in prison. Upon being asked their names at the trial, both said “my name is Victim of the Communist [regime].”

Trinh Ba Phuong
Sentenced: 10 years

Trinh Ba Phuong, born 1985, was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison for conducting propaganda against the state.

Trinh Ba Phuong comes from a family of land rights activists. Over the past decade, he has joined his mother, Can Thi Theu, his father, Trinh Ba Khiem, and younger brother, Trinh Ba Tu, in numerous protests and campaigns in support of human rights, land rights, and environmental protection. The authorities arrested his father in April 2014 during a government land confiscation in Duong Noi for “resisting against those who are on public duties,” under Article 257 of the Penal Code, and imprisoned him for 14 months. His mother previously served two prison terms – 15 months beginning in 2014 and 20 months in 2016.

Police arrested Trinh Ba Phuong in June 2020 for having “prepared, published and disseminated video clips and writing with distorted contents that sow confusion among the people in order to oppose the State,” in violation of Article 117 of the Penal Code.

On the same day that Trinh Ba Phuong was arrested in Hanoi, the police in Hoa Binh province also arrested his mother and brother on the same charge. Prior to their arrests, the three family members were instrumental in amplifying the voices of farmers at Hanoi’s Dong Tam commune, where a police raid in January 2020 resulted in the deaths of an 84-year-old farmer, Le Dinh Kinh, and three policemen. Trinh Ba Phuong was one of the authors of the “Dong Tam Report,” which shed light on the violent land clash.

Trinh Ba Phuong appears to have anticipated his arrest. On the day he was arrested, a pre-recorded video was posted on Facebook in which he expressed concern of being tortured and killed by police, and asked supporters and family members to publicly display his body if he was killed, to expose the crimes against him.

In December 2021, a court in Hanoi convicted and sentenced Trinh Ba Phuong to 10 years in prison.

Nguyen Thi Tam
Sentenced: 6 years

Nguyen Thi Tam, born 1972, was sentenced to six years in prison for conducting propaganda against the state.

Nguyen Thi Tam has protested against land confiscation in Hanoi’s Duong Noi commune since the mid 2000s. In June 2008 she participated in a public protest outside the People’s Committee of the then-Ha Tay provincial headquarters. In November 2008 a court put Nguyen Thi Tam and other villagers on trial for “resisting people on public duty,” convicted her, and sentenced her to a suspended 12-month prison sentence.

In February 2020, the police newspaper labeled Nguyen Thi Tam “opposing reactionary” person who “collected and disseminated” news about the deadly Dong Tam commune clash.

Police arrested Nguyen Thi Tam in June 2020 for having “prepared, published and disseminated video clips and writing with distorted contents that sow confusion among the people in order to oppose the State,” in violation of Article 117 of the Penal Code.

In December 2021, a court in Hanoi sentenced Nguyen Thi Tam to six years in prison.

Pham Doan Trang
Sentenced: 9 years

Pham Doan Trang, born 1978, was sentenced to nine years in prison for conducting propaganda against the state.

Pham Doan Trang is an outspoken blogger on topics including lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights, women’s rights, environmental issues, the territorial conflict between Vietnam and China, police brutality, suppression of activists, and aspects of law and human rights. She promotes election reform and human rights education. Her articles and blogs often focus on the role of media in social and political life. She frequently urges people to use social media in a responsible way that promotes a non-violent, thriving civil society movement.

Pham Doan Trang has consistently advocated for an impartial, rights-respecting justice system. She has been an editor of the online Law Magazine, which has published many articles and translations concerning lawyers and human rights, the struggle against forced confessions, state use of corporal punishment, domestic violence, legal reforms in China, high-profile death sentence cases in Vietnam, protections against self-incrimination, and many other topics.

Pham Doan Trang has written about international issues such as the democracy movement in Hong Kong, for which she provided a timeline of events and key issues for Vietnamese readers who cannot read other languages, and the human rights crisis in Crimea. In both instances, she also translated English language articles about these subjects into Vietnamese, which others distributed in Vietnam.

Pham Doan Trang’s work seeks to bring international attention to Vietnam’s abysmal human rights record. Her blog includes English translations of her writings in Vietnamese, including calls for the release of political prisoners. She is also the co-editor for the English website Vietnam Right Now, which aims to distribute “objective, accurate, and timely information on the current social and political conditions in Vietnam today.”

In February 2019, Pham Doan Trang co-founded the Liberal Publishing House, which publishes a range of non-fiction books written by Vietnamese authors on topics such as political science, public policy, and other social issues, such as Politics of a Police State, Non-Violent Resistance, Politics for the Common People, Life Behind Iron Bars, and A Handbook for Families of Prisoners. The government considers these books sensitive and has effectively banned their publication.

Pham Doan Trang has long been involved in peaceful protests against government policies. She has joined demonstrations outside police stations and at airports when fellow activists have been detained, participated in anti-China protests, and helped lead pro-environmental marches. She exhibited solidarity for fellow activists by trying to attend government show trials, and, at great personal risk, she periodically visited families of imprisoned dissidents to provide them with support and assistance.

Government security forces frequently persecuted, harassed, and physically assaulted her. She walks with a pronounced limp from an injury when security forces forcibly broke up an environmental protest in Hanoi in April 2015.

In May 2016, police detained and prevented her from attending a meeting with US President Barrack Obama, who had invited her to join a gathering of activists during his visit to Hanoi. In November 2017, she was detained after meeting with a European Union delegation that was preparing for the annual bilateral human rights dialogue between the EU and Vietnam.

Police arrested Pham Doan Trang on October 6, 2020 in Ho Chi Minh City. She was charged for “conducting propaganda against the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam” under Article 88 of the 1999 Penal Code.

In December 2021, a court in Hanoi convicted and sentenced her to nine years in prison.

Do Nam Trung
Sentenced: 10 years

Do Nam Trung, born 1981, is serving a 10-year prison sentence for conducting propaganda against the state.

Do Nam Trung previously spent 14 months in prison after he publicly advocated for democracy and human rights in the early 2010s.

In May 2014 police arrested Do Nam Trung and his friends in Dong Nai province as they were taking photos and filming anti-China protests. The authorities charged them under what was then Article 258 of the Penal Code. They specifically were accused of “abusing the rights to freedom and democracy including freedom of speech and assembly … to petition and denounce … to use internet … to collect images and [information about] land petitions and big gatherings, to slander and publish wrong information on their personal Facebook … to harm the reputation and weaken the confidence of the people for the Party and the State of Vietnam.” After completing his 14 month prison sentence, Do Nam Trung told Radio Free Asia that prison only made him stronger and more confident.

Between 2015 and 2021, Do Nam Trung participated in pro-environment protests and anti-China protests, and opposed government corruption. In addition to joining protests critical of the government, Do Nam Trung joined humanitarian groups providing help to victims of natural disasters, and publicly supported other activists including Nguyen Van Dai, Le Thu Ha, Nguyen Huu Vinh, Can Thi Theu, Pham Doan Trang, and Nguyen Thuy Hanh.

In the indictment dated October 26, the police wrote that “Do Nam Trung did not acknowledge that he committed any crime, and did not write nor sign any documents.”

Police arrested Do Nam Trung on July 6, 2021, and charged him with propaganda against the state under Article 117 of the penal code. In December 2021, a court in Nam Dinh sentenced Do Nam Trung to 10 years in prison.

Le Trong Hung
Sentenced: 5 years

Le Trong Hung, born 1979, was sentenced to five years in prison for conducting propaganda against the state.

Le Trong Hung (also known as Hung Gan) is a former government middle school teacher. In 2015, after filing a petition without success demanding reform to benefit students in a school in Hanoi, he quit teaching. In 2017 he began reporting as a citizen journalist on Facebook and YouTube, commenting on social issues and advising people petitioning the government.

He participated in anti-China protests and protests for environmental conservation. He used social media to share news about protests in Myanmar and the struggles of Vietnamese activists such as Trinh Ba Phuong, Trinh Ba Tu, and Pham Doan Trang. He also promoted education and knowledge about Vietnam’s Constitution, and offered people free copies of the constitution.

In February 2021, Le Trong Hung announced his plan to run as an independent candidate for the National Assembly election. He published his proposed policies, promising that, if elected, he would promote education about constitutional rights and campaign for laws to allow peaceful protests, freedom of association, and a citizens’ watchdog role over government. His policy agenda also included a call to amend the constitution and repeal articles granting supremacy to the Communist Party of Vietnam (article 4), allowing only a single trade union (article 10), and confirming state ownership of all land, water, and natural resources (article 53), among others.

On February 23, 2021, Le Trong Hung challenged Communist Party General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong to a debate on television, since Nguyen Phu Trong was running as the parliamentary candidate in the residential area where Le Trong Hung lives. One week later, police began to summon him repeatedly for questioning and placed him under intrusive surveillance.

Police arrested Le Trong Hung on March 27, 2021, and charged him with conducting propaganda against the state in violation of article 117 of the Vietnamese Penal Code. Following his arrest, the Communist Party of Vietnam’s website ran an article accusing Le Trong Hung of “using social media to publish writing or livestream the distortion and disparagement of the government.” It chides him for “commenting in a distorted way the guidelines, paths and policies of the Party and the State.” The party’s post claimed that Le Trong Hung “continuously makes speeches that defame the government, oppose the State and dismiss the leadership role of the Party.” The article dismisses as “reactionary” comments that Le Trong Hung was arrested because he ran as an independent candidate and said that the authorities arrested him because he had been violating the law for a long time.

In December 2021, a court in Hanoi convicted and sentenced Le Trong Hung to five years in prison.

Le Van Dung
Sentenced: 5 years

Le Van Dung, born 1970, was sentenced to five years in prison for conducting propaganda against the state.

Le Van Dung, also known as Le Dung Vova, is a construction engineer who has participated in many protests since 2011, including demanding environmental action and criticizing China. After witnessing government crackdowns against peaceful protesters, he began to take part in pro-democracy activism and human rights advocacy.

He traveled to sites of forced land confiscation to film the local authorities’ violence against farmers, such as at Vu Ban district, Nam Dinh province in May 2012. He joined other activists to independently investigate the massive die-off of marine creatures along the central coast of Vietnam in April 2016 caused by Formosa Ha Tinh Steel, a company owned by Taiwan’s Formosa Plastics Group, which dumped toxic waste into the sea. Le Van Dung has also participated in campaigns to provide assistance to victims of natural disasters in Vietnam.

In 2017, Le Van Dung and his fellow activists created a YouTube channel called Chan Hung TV (To reinvigorate [the country]). They used this channel, as well as the livestream function on Facebook, to comment on various social and political issues. They also interviewed and provided advice to farmers facing land confiscation and people who suffered government persecution or injustice, such as the mother of a death-row inmate, Ho Duy Hai. Members of Chan Hung TV also provided information about basic rights and law to their viewers, and distributed free copies of Vietnam’s Constitution.

In February 2021, Le Van Dung attempted to run as an independent candidate for the national assembly in the May 2021 elections, but local authorities arranged to have him disqualified. On May 25, two days after the elections, police went to Le Van Dung’s house in Hanoi to arrest him, but he had gone into hiding. On May 28, police issued an arrest warrant for him. In response, he wrote on his Facebook page: “If I am imprisoned for speaking my conscience, I would still speak up. Even when I know that speaking the truth would bring loss to myself and my family, including my wife and my children. We will face discrimination resulting from our differences in awareness.”

Police arrested him on June 30, 2021, at a relative’s house in Hanoi and charged him with propaganda against the state. In March 2022, a court in Hanoi convicted and sentenced him to five years in prison.

Nguyen Van Duc Do
Sentenced: 11 years

Nguyen Van Duc Do, born 1975, is serving an 11-year prison sentence for being associated with a pro-democracy group.

Nguyen Van Duc Do is a mechanic who participated in human rights-related events and pro-environment protests. He also joined labor rights activists to campaign for workers’ interests.

Police arrested Nguyen Van Duc Do in November 2016 for his alleged affiliation with the Vietnam National Coalition, an independent political group. Police charged him under article 79 of the 1999 penal code with “carrying out activities that aim to overthrow the people’s administration.”

An anonymous family member told a reporter at Cali Today News that upon arrest, Nguyen Van Duc Do “demanded to know the reason for his arrest and to allow the people to witness the arrest warrant being read, but the police did not accept his request. They restrained Do and beat him. They beat Do so much that blood spilled out from his eyes, nose, and ears.”

In October 2018, a court in Ho Chi Minh City sentenced Nguyen Van Duc Do to 11 years in prison.

Bui Van Thuan
Sentenced: 8 years

Bui Van Thuan, born 1981, is serving an eight-year prison sentence for criticizing the Communist Party and State of Vietnam.

Bui Van Thuan is a member of the Muong ethnic group in Hoa Binh province. His political interest began when he was a student at the Hanoi National University of Education in the late 2000s. After graduating, he taught at private schools in Hanoi.

While working as a teacher, Bui Van Thuan participated in protests, including those against China as well as the environmental disaster caused by the Formosa Ha Tinh Steel dumping of toxic waste at sea in 2016. Bui Van Thuan voiced support for fellow activists and political prisoners, including Nguyen Trung Ton, Trinh Ba Tu, and Can Thi Theu. He publicly boycotted the national elections in 2016 and 2021.

On his Facebook page, Bui Van Thuan regularly criticized the government about various political issues, including official pressure by authorities to compel people to vote in national elections. He also frequently criticized the government’s handling of the Covid-19 pandemic.

On August 16, 2021, Bui Van Thuan criticized the government’s call for financial donations from people to help it fight the pandemic. He wrote, “The Communist Party of Vietnam and its tentacle associations and organizations is a giant nest of parasites. They live parasitically from the sweat and work of the people, and they have absolutely no effect except for pulling the country back away from development and civilization.”

In the indictment, the authorities alleged that this post was criminal because it makes a “baseless argument that insults the reputation and leading role of the Communist Party of Vietnam and organizations, sowing doubts among the people.”

Police arrested him on August 31, 2021, and charged him under penal code article 117(1) with “making, storing, disseminating or propagandizing information, materials and products that aim to oppose the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.”

In November 2022, a court in Thanh Hoa province convicted Bui Van Thuan and sentenced him to eight years in prison.