（伊斯坦布尔，2016年1月27日）－人权观察在今天发布的《2016世界人权报告》中表示，恐惧的政治导致全球多国政府2015年在人权方面倒退。
该报告篇幅659页，是人权观察第26次发布世界人权报告，内容检视90多个国家的人权实践。执行董事肯尼思‧罗斯（Kenneth Roth）在导论中写道，不断向中东以外扩散的恐怖攻击和滋生于压迫与战乱的难民浪潮，导致许多国家限缩人权，以错误方式维护本身安全。在此同时，由于恐惧经常通过社交媒体而更加广泛传播的和平异见，全世界威权主义国家正在对独立的民间团体展开当代前所未见的猛烈打压。
“对恐怖攻击和大量难民潮的恐惧，驱使许多西方国家在人权保护方面大开倒车，”罗斯说。“这些倒退措施威胁到所有人的权利，却无法证明它们可以保护一般民众。”
人权观察表示，叙利亚冲突加上伊斯兰国（亦称ISIS）极端主义组织扩大攻击平民，将大量难民逼向欧洲，导致散布恐惧的行为和恐伊斯兰症（Islamophobia）日益盛行。但欧洲各国政府关起大门的同时，却是在重蹈回避难民责任的落伍模式，将难题丟給欧洲边陲各国，即便这些国家比较欠缺收容和保护难民的资源。过分强调难民带来的潜在危险，也使欧洲各国政府轻忽源自本土的恐怖主义威胁，未采取必要措施避免不满族群遭社会边缘化。
美国决策人士企图利用恐怖威胁，扭转近年来情报机关大量监控能力略受限制的情况；英、法两国则寻求扩大监控权力。这些措施严重损害个人隐私，却无法证明它们有助提升防制恐怖主义的能力。人权观察指出，其实欧洲近来发生的数起攻击案，凶嫌早已被执法当局锁定，但警方因勤务超载而没有馀力跟进，可见当务之急不是收集更多海量数据，而是增强追踪既有线索的能力。
“一竿子抹黑整个移民或少数民族社群，不但本身不当，而且相当危险，”罗斯说。“因为少数人的行为而否定整个社群，只会造成社会分化、互相敌视，恐怖分子正好借此招收新血。”
欧洲应对难民潮的措施也造成反效果。任由大多数寻求庇护者在别无选择下冒着生命危险搭乘单薄小船跨海抵达欧洲，其所导致的混乱情势很容易被恐怖分子利用。
Members of the Greek coast guard, on a rescue mission, throw a life ring to a person in distress in the sea near the Greek island of Lesbos, after he jumped from a sinking rubber dingy. October 4, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
Mostly Syrian asylum seekers and migrants are rescued off a drifting rubber dinghy found by a Greek coast guard vessel on a rescue mission near the island of Lesbos in Greece. October 4, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
18-year-old Mohammed, who said he lost both legs to a Syrian airstrike in Idlib in 2012, is carried by friends on the island of Lesbos in Greece. Both his friends and relatives accompanied him on his journey to safety, carrying him whenever needed. October 8, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
Syrian toddlers sleep at the port in Mytilene on Lesbos island in Greece. Their family was waiting to board a midnight ferry to Athens. October 5, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
Asylum seekers and migrants descend from a large fishing vessel used to transport them from Turkey to the Greek island of Lesbos. October 11, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
A family of Afghan asylum seekers waits to enter the Moria registration center on the Greek island of Lesbos. Many families with children say they are too afraid to wait in line for registration. October 4, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
Hungarian police stand in front of the entrance to the Keleti train station in Budapest, Hungary barring entry to the many refugees and asylum seekers who wait to board trains to Germany. September 1, 2015.
© 2015 Daniel Etter for Human Rights Watch
Safi, 30, (right) a Syrian refugee from Aleppo, walks on highway M1 near Budapest, Hungary in an attempt to reach Vienna, Austria by foot after Hungarian authorities refused to allow refugees and asylum seekers to board trains that would take them to Germany. September 4, 2015.
© Daniel Etter for Human Rights Watch.
Newly arrived families with children walk along the railway tracks from Serbia into Hungary, towards the Roszke collection point in Hungary where they will be taken in buses to temporary detention camps. September 8, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
A woman carries her child in the rain along the railroad tracks after crossing the Hungary border from Serbia, heading towards the Roszke collection point where they will board a bus to a temporary detention camp. September 10, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
Ali, a young Iraqi boy, is reunited with his family after becoming separated from them at a Roszke detention camp in Hungary. September 10, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
Hungarian army officers patrol with their dogs along the newly finished razor-wire fence erected on the border with Serbia. Sept. 13, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
A small boy protests at the Tovarnik train station, calling on the Croatian police to allow the overcrowded train to proceed to Zagreb. The train had been held in the station for 6 hours, as the Croatian authorities tried to cope with the sudden influx of thousands from the Serbian border. September 18, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
An estimated 10,000 newly arrived asylum seekers and migrants arrived overnight in the small Croatian border village of Tovarnik, following the closure of the Hungarian border with a razor wire fence. September 18, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
Thousands of asylum seekers and migrants sleep on the concrete in the small Croatian border town of Tovarnik after arriving from Serbia, waiting for trains or buses to take them onwards. September 18, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
A family sleeps in a field near Tovarnik, Croatia, after crossing the border from Serbia. The small village of Tovarnik was overwhelmed by the overnight arrival of an estimated 10,000 asylum seekers and migrants, following the closure of the Hungary border with a razor-wire fence. September 18, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
Asylum seekers and migrants try to board an overcrowded train leaving the small Croatian border village of Tovarnik, hoping to go towards the country’s capital, Zagreb. September 18, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
Hussein, an Afghan asylum seeker, carries his 82-year-old mother on his back waiting in line to board a bus at Tovarnik, Croatia. September 18, 2015.
© 2015 Zalmaï for Human Rights Watch
“创造一个让难民安全、有序进入欧洲的方式，不仅将减少海上亡魂，也有助移民官员筛查安全风险，增进每个人的安全，”罗斯说。
公民社会组织借助社交媒体发动的群众运动，逼得许多威权主义政府落荒而逃。由于阿拉伯之春、香港“雨伞运动”和乌克兰独立广场运动的前车之鉴，许多独裁者下定决心不让人民集结起来发声抗议。
这些侵犯人权的政府为了扼杀公民团体，立法限制它们的活动、切断它们赖以生存的国际资金。俄、中等国是最恶劣的侵权者。人权观察表示，其打压手段之强烈──例如俄罗斯关闭大批异议性组织、中国滥捕人权律师及维权人士──为数十年所未见。土耳其执政党也大举镇压批评政府的维权人士和媒体。
埃塞俄比亚和印度经常借口民族主义限制国外资金，以防止独立组织监督政府的侵权行为。玻利维亚、柬埔寨、厄瓜多尔、埃及、哈萨克斯坦、肯尼亚、摩洛哥、苏丹和委内瑞拉纷纷制定含糊笼统的法律，管控维权人士、损害独立民间组织的运营能力。面对这种全球性威胁，西方各国政府并未及时发出抗议。
尽管人权面临如此巨大威胁，2015年仍不乏正面发展。爱尔兰、墨西哥和美国的同性婚姻合法化、莫桑比克的同性恋去罪刑化，使经常遭受法律侵权和暴力攻击的女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和跨性别（LGBT）人士朝向平等迈出大步。72个国家在联合国人权理事会发出声明，承诺终止基于性倾向和性别认同的暴力与歧视。
缅甸的历史性大选于11月和平落幕，尼日利亚也顺利完成政党轮替。9月，联合国通过17项充满企图心的发展目标，首次普遍适用且以人权为基础；其中包括性别平等、人人有权获得司法正义等等。在巴黎召开的联合国气候变迁高峰会议，各国政府首次同意应对气候变迁的措施应该“尊重、促进和考虑”人权，尤其是牵涉到原住民、妇女、儿童、移民和其他弱势群体时。
以处罚方式防治药物使用问题的失败，促使许多地方开始讨论和实施去罪刑化，包括加拿大、智利、克罗埃西亚、哥伦比亚、牙买加、约旦、爱尔兰、突尼斯和美国。乍得前独裁者侯塞因・哈布雷（Hissene Habre）在塞内加尔以危害人类罪受审，让1980年代在他统治下受害的民众额手称庆──这是第一次有卸任国家元首受到另一国的法院审判。
“国际人权法所包含的智慧，是各国政府保护国家安全、增进人民福祉所不可或缺的指针，”罗斯说。“背弃它将为人类带来灾祸。”
