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January 2025
Walande, Solomon Islands
Johnson Sua
Police Officer
I did not want to change my life. My previous life, my good life. But due to the cause of climate change, caused by the global world, factories, companies, I have to move.
Eva Cathy Iroga
Student
It’s a sad thing to see suddenly everything just wiped away, or stripped away. Everyone cried and yeah, I feel sorry for their homes that gone.
Johnson Sua
We need government to address those who directly affected. Walande is the one of the villages
who are directly affected. We already moved from the island. You can see the empty posts standing. Wave are now coming.
Fred Dauburi
Secretary for Walande Community
As a little boy we feared nothing. We don’t worry about things. We only enjoyed fishing and then going out in the garden. But now we know that climate change really bringing disasters.
Johnson Sua
I expect government to do something for us.
Title
No More Land
Richard Kwai
We are people migrating from one place to place. So originally we came from Northeast Malaita. That's where our ancestors came from.
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Extreme weather events, intensified by climate change, repeatedly displaced Walande community members from their island home.
Today their island has been completely submerged by
the sea.
As a result, the people of Walande were forced to relocate to the nearby mainland.
May 1986
Solomon Islands
Richard Kwai
Chairman, Walande Church
The first destruction to the island was in 1986 when Cyclone Namu destroyed Solomon Islands. They escaped to the mainland after one week they came back and rebuild the island again to its original size. 2009 is the worst time of the climate change. Properties on the islands all destroyed. Houses were washed away, and the sea washed through the village and destroyed the houses in the middle of the village.
Susie Waita Fakaia
Nurse
I was there at that time. I was too scared. I almost break down, because I haven't seen such a big mighty waves like that, in my growing up in this village.
Richard Kwai
And that's when people decide to move.
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By the mid-2010s, the community had relocated to a small area on the mainland that was given to their ancestors.
87% of land in Solomon Islands is held under customary tenure, regulated by unwritten laws and oral tradition passed down from generation to generation.
Richard Kwai
And when they come to settle here, they become best friends with the landowner here. And the best friends allow them to live in this part of the southern Malaita.
Johnson Sua
We are not move here by the government. We are moved to this mainland by ourself. By our strength. The walkways and other things, it’s not built by the government. If we lean on the government, or if we lean on the other organizations of the world, we still remain the same.
Richard Kwai
During that time too, the Solomon Islands’ government supported the community by providing ten cartons of nails to build a house. Yeah...
Eva Cathy Iroga
This community here, they always work together as a family. There's a lot of many tribes here, but when it comes to do things together like (building) the footpaths, they all come together and then (get) the job done.
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The people of Walande showed ingenuity and leadership in their relocation, but moving an
entire community inherently involves losses.
Johnson Sua
It's really painful. Some older people they are desperately cry for the old village. Saltwater people used to live and love living in the sea. The changes of this new place really, we really lost the culture and the tradition.
Richard Kwai
We are still feeling the effect of climate change. In terms of food security, people find it difficult to catch fish now because the environment is changed. The fish habitats is already destroyed, and people move even farther to find fish. Most of our gardening on the coast is already washed away. We live on swamp taro. And now I think about 80% of the swamp taro is already destroyed and people no longer have enough of that crop. In 2021 we secured funding to put up this seawall, hoping it will mitigate coastal erosion. In 2023 we began to notice the gabion wire’s already destroyed, rusted and falling apart. We need engineers especially, because our only fear is that if we are not careful the sea erosion will continue to drag us inland.
Susie Waita Fakaia
Some of our piece of lands, especially in lowlands, the sea has already washed away, that's why we get short of land.
Fred Dauburi
At present we are just surviving on just about 50 hectares plot of land. The population of this community is increasing rapidly but a piece of land will not expand.
Richard Kwai
We will have to convince the landowners to allow us extending the boundary. With good negotiation, perhaps we can break through. It also depends on the landlord, if they're willing, they can extend the boundary for us.
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The future ability of the community, and its members, to remain in their new village is at risk, as is protection of their rights.
Landowners in neighboring villages say the Walande community never had permission for long-term settlement, only agricultural use.
Richard Kwai
One of our dreams is to have this land registered by the government so that we are feel secured in the future. The landowner always disturb us with this because they want to return the land from us, but then it's not our agreement with them, but it's our agreement with our ancestors.
Peter Fletcher Wate
Teacher
A lot of young people are flooding out to live somewhere especially in Honiara (capital of Solomon Islands). I also send my picaninny out, children out.
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The Solomon Islands’ government should uphold Walande community members’ rights, including their land rights and right to food.
It should also assess the needs of other communities facing the impacts of climate change, and provide them with adequate support if they request to relocate.
Robert Misimaka
Ministry of Lands Housing & Survey, Solomon Islands
In my view the government of Solomon Islands do seems to forget most of the people in the rural areas. We have representatives from some of these areas, but you know... They fully aware of the situations but they focus on other things apart from what’s supposed to be done when it comes to climate change, so it's kind of a wakeup call for the country because people out there really really need the support of the government, so. There are lots needs to be done.
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The Solomon Islands’ government launched national Planned Relocation Guidelines in 2022.
The Guidelines are a positive step but Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for their implementation are still under development.
Robert Misimaka
At the moment, as we speak, we are still working on our SOP: Standard Operation Procedures. We anticipated that once this is completed this year, then we might try and see how we start working on this.
December 5, 2024
Video Courtesy of the International Court of Justice
John Muria Jnr.
Solomon Islands Attorney General
While the impacts of our changing climate will continue to affect us all, those impacts are not distributed equally. As a small island, developing state and least developed country in the Pacific, Solomons is on the frontlines of the most severe and devastating impacts of climate change.
Harj Narulla
Counsel for Solomon Islands
As a least developed country, Solomon Islands will simply not have the financial and technical capacity to meet the challenges of climate change without the assistance of other states under the Paris framework.
Johnson Sua
So it's everybody's responsibility. The world, the government, ourself here in this village, myself, it's our responsibility.
- 气候冲击加剧导致瓦兰迪（Walande）等所罗门群岛沿海社区成员被迫搬迁，危及其经济、社会与文化权利。
- 瓦兰迪社区成员因海平面上升和风暴不断加剧而由一座小岛迁往马莱塔（Malaita）主岛，但他们仍然面临气候冲击、 土地使用权不稳定、土地取得受限和支援不足等各种威胁。
- 所罗门群岛政府应落实其《有计画搬迁指导原则》，按需求决定支援优先次序。该国政府和高收入国家应扩大资金与技术援助，确保前线社区能够以保障人权的方式搬迁或留下。
（霍尼亚拉）－人权观察今天发表报告指出，海平面上升和其他气候冲击——加上土地使用权缺乏保障、土地取得受限以及政府支援不足——正在损害所罗门群岛原住民社区瓦兰迪（Walande）居民的权利。尽管该社区已采取撤离外岛家园的最后手段以逃避气候变化冲击，居民仍旧面临风险。
这份66页的报告，《‘就是没有更多土地了’：社区主导的有计画搬迁作为所罗门群岛适应海平面上升的最后手段》，记录瓦兰迪社区成员为何在就地适应气候变化数十年后作出搬迁的艰难抉择，以及为何他们的经济、社会与文化权利仍面临威胁。人权观察发现，所罗门群岛政府已采取重要措施支援面临气候危机急剧影响的社区，包括制定《有计画搬迁指导原则》（Planned Relocation Guidelines），但相关原则尚未全面落实。
“瓦兰迪的故事警醒我们，社区无法独力对抗气候危机，” 人权观察气候流离失所问题研究员艾瑞卡・包尔（Erica Bower）说。“所罗门群岛政府有机会在尊重人权的有计画搬迁方式上成为全球表率，但必须立即落实其指导原则，确保因气候危机流离失所的社区都能得到充足支援。” 人权观察访问了超过130名来自瓦兰迪和其他沿海村落的社区成员、政府官员及学者专家，并且分析了卫星影像、适应援助数据以及其他相关文件。
瓦兰迪社区成员约800人， 居住在所罗门群岛南马莱塔岛沿岸。 2010年代中期以前，他们世代生活在一座离岸小岛。尽管数十年来饱受飓风和风暴侵袭，瓦兰迪人不断重建家园，就地适应。然而，在2009年毁灭性的 “国王大潮”之后，整个社区被搬迁至主岛。
由瓦兰迪经验可见，政府和国际捐助方若未对社区主导的有计画搬迁提供充足支援，可能造成危险。尽管向外界请求援助，社区成员主要仍靠自己出资和执行搬迁。迁移只能带来短期的安全。海水不断冲垮新位址的防波堤，破坏社区的传统食物来源。
该社区几乎没有资金可以抵挡海平面上升的威胁，搬迁位址的土地使用权缺乏保障，而且无法取得更多、更靠内陆的土地。部分居民考虑再次搬迁。 一名居民说：“我们想再搬一次——搬到更高处。”
A close-up view highlights land erosion and the disappearance of trees caused by sea incursion, further exposing houses to disasters. (From left to right): May 27, 2010 © 2025 Maxar Technologies. Google Earth. June 2, 2024 © 2025 Airbus. Google Earth. Analysis and Graphics © 2025 Human Rights Watch.
瓦兰迪女性还有另一层忧虑，因为她们对土地的控制权受到马莱塔省父权土地制度的限制。有几位女性表示，社区领袖的适应措施之一是向她们施压，要她们与瓦兰迪社区以外的男性结婚。
有计画搬迁是带有严重风险的最后手段适应措施。搬迁计画必须尊重知情同意及其他人权原则，并且要让搬迁社区（如瓦兰迪）的居民全程参与每一阶段。社区新位址的选择，应有助成员享有各项经济、社会及文化权利。
所罗门群岛政府依据国际法负有保护社区避免可预见气候风险的义务，应促进尊重人权的气候适应并维护原住民权利、传统土地权利及女性权利。2022年《有计画搬迁指导原则》理论上为落实前述义务建立强有力的框架。但在这些原则付诸实施之前，被搬迁和主动搬迁的居民仍将面临气候变化影响和人权风险。
所罗门群岛政府应全面实施该指导原则，包括制定全国评估计画，以确定哪些社区最容易受到气候灾害，并根据社区需求决定支援优先次序。政府还应该增加社区主导搬迁的资金，确保资金不仅足以偿付重建住房和提升居民安全的费用，还能全面支持包含教育、健康与文化传承等各项权利。
根据国际气候与人权法，“发达”国家有义务支援最不发达国家（例如所罗门群岛）的气候适应。然而从2011年到2021年，所罗门群岛每年只收到人均20美元的气候适应外国援助。
有些国家已开始支持社区主导的适应作为，包括澳大利亚出资为瓦兰迪预备新位址。但人权观察指出，国际捐助方应尽速扩大财政与技术援助，确保所罗门群岛能够应对气候变化，并确保如瓦兰迪等前线社区可以在保障人权之下就地适应或异地搬迁。
政府间气候变化专门委员会（Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change）预测，“随着气候风险加剧，有计画搬迁的需求将与日俱增。” 每一个拥有海岸线的国家最起码必须预见此一挑战，并从过往的社区主导搬迁（如瓦兰迪）和政策（如所罗门群岛的指导原则）汲取经验教训。
“支持位在气候危机前线的社区已经刻不容缓，而且只会愈来愈迫切，” 包尔说。“若不落实以人权为中心的政策，就无法应对这些日益严峻的挑战。”
