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John Sifton, Asia Advocacy Director of Human Rights Watch (onsite): So this entire area… on top of what used to be Sre Kor village. It was completely flooded after the Lower Sesan 2 Dam was completed in 2017.

Narration:  The ­Lower Sesan 2 dam is one of the widest dams in Asia. The project is part of the Chinese government’s mammoth “Belt and Road Initiative,” an investment and infrastructure project that the government began under President Xi Jinping in 2013 to advance Chinese foreign policy interests globally.

Narration: Flooding of the dam’s reservoir inundated numerous communities and damaged the ecology of the region. In addition, about 5,000 people, mostly Indigenous or ethnic minorities lost their homes.

John Sifton, Human Rights Watch (onsite): Most of the villagers didn’t have appropriate compensation. Some who were relocated that now live in an area quite far from here and pretty disappointed what happened to their village.

Narration: Much of the damage and devastation the dam would bring was known before it was built, and locals voiced their concerns even then.

Community video statements:

Woman: We were worried about relocating and moving our homes, cows, water buffalos, pigs, and chickens.

Man: We are also worried about our rice fields, crops, the hospital, school and the Srepok river.

Man: I am very worried about this situation. I am deeply troubled about losing my fields and land.

Woman: We do not want to move away because we have well-made valuable houses. We have coconut trees, mango trees, and everything. If we live at a new place, we won’t have coconuts and mangos to sell anymore.

Narration:  Many of those displaced were moved to areas that lacked clean water and the soil was not well-suited for farming. They received inadequate compensation for the loss of their homes or income. Tens of thousands whose livelihoods depended on fishing on the rivers around the dam, suffered enormous losses in income. 

Thong Sa Morn: For my family living in this new village, we don’t really make money. In the old village, I was a farmer. Sometimes I would fish, in addition to working on the farm. You know that in the old village my house was right next to the river and my work is next to the river.

Narration:  The dam has decimated the fish population in a country where fish makes up 60 to 75 % of the protein of the Cambodian diet.

John Sifton onsite:  So we’re in a village on the Sre Kor river. Some villagers said they used to catch up to 40 kilos of fish a night. Now they sometimes struggle to get 10klmoften less than that.  The fish are also smaller and fetch less money. Sometimes only a dollar a kilo and they’re struggling to survive.

Narration: The companies involved in the Lower Sesan 2 project, as well as the Cambodian and Chinese governments that authorized the project, should review the project’s impact urgently and allocate significant new resources to remedy the harms they have caused.

Narration: As the Chinese government finances other Belt and Road projects, whether in Cambodia or elsewhere, government and company officials need to take far greater steps to protect the human rights of affected communities and compensate them when they’re harmed.

 

 

 

 

(曼谷)- 人權觀察今天發表報告指出,由中國資助在柬埔寨東北部興建的一座大型水壩發電站,2018年峻工後已造成數以千計原住民與少數族裔居民的生活和生計遭受損害。這座桑河下游二級水電站是亞洲最長水壩之一,其淹沒區涵蓋湄公河支流桑河(Sesan)與斯瑞博河(Srepok)匯流點上游的廣大地區。

這份138頁的報告,《桑田滄海:一個中國「一帶一路」項目對柬埔寨的人權影響》,紀錄桑河下游二級水電站將大約5千人遷離祖居地所造成的經濟、社會與文化權利侵害,以及上下游數萬居民的生計損失。柬埔寨當局和水電公司幹部並未在項目啟動前適當諮詢受影響社區的意見,居民的疑慮基本上受到漠視。許多水庫移民失去財產和收入,卻被迫接受不相稱的補償。安置區僅提供他們簡陋的住房和服務,而且沒有協助轉換生計來源的培訓或援助。水電站上下游的其他受影響社區則沒有得到任何補償或援助。

「桑河下游二級水電站徹底摧毀了原住民和少數族裔社區的生計,他們原本靠著捕魚、森林採集和農耕,過著自給自足的集體生活,」亞洲區倡議主任約翰・席夫頓(John Sifton)說。「柬埔寨當局應即刻檢討該項目的補償、安置與生計恢復辦法,並確保未來其他項目不再造成同樣侵害。」

人權觀察訪問了超過60位社區居民、公民社會領袖、學者專家及其他曾研究該項目人士,並且檢閱了相關學術研究、商業紀錄和非政府組織及其他來源的調研結果。

該水電站是中國政府「一帶一路倡議」的一部分。「一帶一路」是一項鉅額投資與基礎建設計劃,由習近平主席於2013年啟動。亞洲其他地區的許多「一帶一路」項目都被批評缺乏透明度漠視社區意見並可能對環境造成負面影響

中國大型國有發電公司中國華能集團負責這座水電站的建造與運營。柬埔寨皇家集團和越南國營電力公司(EVN)持有少數股份。中國多家國有銀行為該項目提供融資,據報總預算約近8億美元。

柬埔寨政府和相關企業幹部沒有真正諮詢受影響社區的意見,也從未依照聯合國《原住民族權利宣言》求取當地原住民族的「自由、事先和知情同意」。

受到該水電站影響的原住民族和其他少數族裔包括墨儂族(Bunong)、布婁族(Brao)、歸族(Kuoy)、佬族(Lao)、嘉萊族(Jarai)、客隆族(Kreung)、卡維特族(Kavet)、坦普安族(Tampuan)和卡秋族(Kachok)。

從2011年直到2018年水電站完工,社區居民不斷抗議並多次致函水電公司和政府官員,包括總理洪森,但官員一再漠視社區疑慮,拒絕討論替代方案。部分抗爭人士並遭到威脅或監禁。

Former shrine in the village of Srekor, northeastern Cambodia, inundated after the completion of the Lower Sesan 2 hydroelectric dam. © 2019 Human Rights Watch

「公司沒有考慮原住民族的權利,」一位墨儂族村民告訴人權觀察。「他們只是叫我們搬走。」

「在諮詢會上,他們代我們作決定,」一位村民表示。「他們沒有徵詢我們的意願或需求。」

水電站對捕漁收入有很大影響。它造成許多魚種無法完成繁殖過程所必要的遷徙,導致漁獲量急劇減少。據漁業與生態專家指出,該水電站助長整個湄公河水系的漁獲量下降,危及柬埔寨、越南、泰國和老撾數千萬人的食物和收入來源。

「現在魚類非常稀少,」一位住在水電站附近的男性居民說。「我們以前捕魚來吃,還有多餘可以出售,但[現在]全都減少了。我們有時連自己吃都不夠。」

被遷移的村民表示,他們的農作收穫量也因為安置區的土壤貧瘠、多石而大不如前,又失去了舊村的果樹和堅果收入。政府沒有補償村民在共有林地中採集蕈類、藥草和其他物資的收入損失。補償金無法彌補原住民族的文化與生計損失。大多數安置區的井水都因污染而不能飲用。

人權觀察指出,中國華能沒有建立任何有效的申訴機制來解決糾紛或投訴。

數百位村民在2017年沒有接受補償或安置,而是遷往水電站創造出的水庫沿岸的無主土地。他們遭到地方當局騷擾恐嚇。

Several families from the village of Srekor who refused relocation into official resettlement areas built makeshift bridges over newly flooded land and moved to nearby forest areas. © 2019 Human Rights Watch

工程開始前,中、柬兩國政府和中國華能顯然都沒有針對該項目的效益和影響進行有意義的評估。中國華能一再宣稱該水電站年發電量可達1,998吉瓦時,約占柬埔寨全年發電量的六分之一。然而,根據該項目課稅收入估計,該水電站的實際發電量可能不及它所宣稱的一半。

該水電站帶來的環境效益微乎其微。許多學術研究證明,水力發電廠因庫區植被淹沒後分解產生的碳排放,通常並不少於一般化石燃料發電廠產生的溫室氣體。據2017 年研究估算,該項目每兆瓦時的二氧化碳排放率與部分天然氣發電廠不相上下。

人權觀察分別於2020年3月和2021年5月、7月致函中、柬兩國政府官員與中國華能集團,就本組織調查發現要求評論,但迄未收到任何答覆。中國華能集團於2021年5月發表有關該水電站排放量的《2020年可持續發展報告》,雖承認該水電站存在諸多問題,卻淡化其嚴重性,並且不加明確解釋即作出該項目改善水庫移民生計的結論。這份報告也沒有討論水電站淹沒區上下游社區受到的生計影響。

中國華能和柬埔寨政府仍有機會對該項目造成的部分傷害做出補救,特別是透過重新評估補償方式,並為受水壩影響社區提供更多服務與培訓。中國和柬埔寨政府也應該實施更有系統的改革,避免同樣的侵害在其他項目重演。

「中國政府需要徹底改革『一帶一路』基礎建設開發融資,以防止在柬埔寨這類政府長期剝奪人民權利的國家所進行的項目再度發生同樣侵害,」席夫頓說。「柬埔寨政府需要改革本國法律,規定所有開發項目必須做有意義的影響評估,並採取更有效的措施來預防人權迫害。」

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