THE INVISIBLE EXODUS:

NORTH KOREANS IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

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I. Summary and Recommendations

Overview
Recommendations on the Refugee Crisis
To North Korea
To China
To the International Community
General Human Rights Recommendations
Notes on Methodology and Terminology
Acknowledgements

II. The Migrant's Story: Contours of Human Rights Abuse

The Decision to Flee
At the Mercy of Strangers
Sexual Slavery and Trafficking in Women
Children Without a Future
Arrest and Forced Return
Surveillance, Arrest, and Detention of Humanitarian Aid Workers and Missionaries

III. A Well-founded Fear: Punishment and Labor Camps in North Korea

Collective Punishment and Discrimination
Punishment Upon Return
Accounts of Labor Camps

IV. Getting Beyond China: The International Community and its Obligations

The Routes Out
Chinese Policy
South Korean Policy
Transit and Asylum Nation Policies

V. Conclusion

Appendix A: Map of North Korea-China Border Region [pdf]

Appendix B: Letter From Chinese Ministry Of Foreign Affairs To Foreign Embassies, May 31, 2002