Leave None to Tell the Story:  Genocide in Rwanda

TEN YEARS LATER
(Added April 1, 2004)

INTRODUCTION

The Genocide
The Strategy of Ethnic Division
Preparations for Slaughter
The Attack
Recruiting for Genocide
The Structure
Strategies of Slaughter
Popular Participation
The Masquerade of Legitimacy
Survival Tactics
The End of Hutu Power
The Rwandan Patriotic Front
Numbers
International Responsibility
Tolerating Discrimination and Violence
Economies and Peacekeeping
Warnings, Information and the U.N. Staff
Obfuscation and Misunderstanding
Genocide and War
Military Action and Inaction
Tolerating Genocide
Rwandans Listened
The Future
The Research Project
Language, Spelling and Names

HISTORY

The Meaning of “Hutu,” “Tutsi,” and “Twa”
Colonial Changes in the Political System
The Transformation of “Hutu” and “Tutsi”
The Hutu Revolution
Habyarimana in Control
The Single-Party State
Threats to the MRND Monolith
Kubohoza, “To Help Liberate”
The Military Defines “The Enemy”

PROPAGANDA AND PRACTICE

The Media
Validating the Message
The Message
The Mugesera Speech: “Do Not Let Yourselves Be Invaded”
Practicing Slaughter
International Response to the Massacres
The International Commission of Inquiry into Human Rights Abuse in Rwanda

CHOOSING WAR

He Who Wishes for Peace Prepares for War
The Militia and “Self-Defense”
The February 1993 Attack
Splitting the Opposition
French Support for Habyarimana
The Costs of War
The Arusha Accords
The United Nations Peacekeepers
The Assassination of Melchior Ndadaye and Violence in Burundi
Hutu Power

WARNINGS

Chronology
The U.N. Response to the Warning
Responses of the French, U.S., and Belgian Governments
A Solemn Appeal
Renewing the Mandate

APRIL 1994: “THE MONTH THAT WOULD NOT END”

The Attack on Habyarimana’s Plane
Taking Control
The Interim Government
Launching the Campaign
Strategies of Slaughter
Strategies of Survival

THE ORGANIZATION

The Military
Politicians and Militia
The Administration
Support Services: Ideas and Money
The Clergy
The Radio: Voice of the Campaign
Deception, Pretext, and Pretense
Popular Participation

EXTENDING THE GENOCIDE

Removing Dissenters
Continued Conflicts Among the Military
Destroying Opposition in Gitarama
“The Population Is Trying to Defend Itself”
Tightening Control
“Justice” During the Genocide
Mid-May Slaughter: Women and Children as Victims
“Opening a Breach to the Enemy”: Conflicts Among Hutu
RPF Victory

GIKONGORO

Background
Bypassing the Prefect
First Attacks
Musebeya
“No Words for Solving the Problem”
Kivu: Evading Responsibility
Eliminating the Tutsi at Musebeya
Massacre at Kaduha
Tightening Control

NYAKIZU: THE MASSACRES

Butare: The Prefect and the Prefecture
Nyakizu Commune
Burgomaster Ntaganzwa: Victory Through Kubohoza
The Border and the Burundians
Training and Arms
Beginning the Genocide
Cyahinda
The Hilltops
Flight

NYAKIZU: THE ADMINISTRATION OF GENOCIDE

Restoring “Normal” Life
“Clear the Remaining Brush”
Speaking With One Voice
The Burgomaster: More Feared than Trusted
The “Enemy” Arrives at Nyakizu

BUTARE: “LET THEM STAND ASIDE FOR US AND LET US WORK”

The Setting
Early Violence
Prefect Habyalimana Removed
Welcoming the New Prefect
South of Butare
The Meeting of April 20

BUTARE:“THIS IS AN EXTERMINATION”

Systematic Slaughter in Town
Collective Slaughter
The Betrayal of “Pacification”
Surviving
Genocidal Operations

BUTARE:“WORKERS WHO WANT TO WORK FOR THEIR COUNTRY”

“Civilian Self-Defense” in Butare
Security Committees
The Murders in May
Protection
Seeking Intellectual Reinforcement: The Interim Prime Minister and the Professors
Guhumbahumba: To Track Down the Last Tutsi

BUTARE:“NO ONE WILL BE SAFE FROM DISORDER”

Hutu Against Hutu
Dissension Over the Genocide
Unruly Military
Law and Order
International Contacts
Permission to Leave
New Administrators, Dwindling Commitment to the Campaign
Survivors
Authority and Responsibility

IGNORING GENOCIDE

UNAMIR

The Evacuation Force
Belgian Policy
U.S. Policy: “Another Somalia” and Other Misconceptions
U.N. Obfuscation: “A People Fallen into Calamitous Circumstances”

ACKNOWLEDGING GENOCIDE

The End of April: Recognizing Genocide
Diplomacy as Usual

UNAMIR II

Human Rights Agencies
Arms and Ammunition
“Vive La Cooperation Franco-Rwandaise”
French Soldiers: A Private Initiative?
The Kigeme Declaration and the End to “Legitimacy”

THE RWANDAN PATRIOTIC FRONT

“Not Hutu, Tutsi, nor Twa”
Stopping the Genocide
Human Rights Abuses by the RPF Before April 1994
Killings and Other Abuses by the RPF, April to July 1994
Hindering Humanitarian Assistance
Control of Information
Accusations of RPF Abuses
The Gersony Mission
International Responsibility
Responsibility Within the RPF

CONCLUSION: JUSTICE AND RESPONSIBILITY

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
The Rwandan Prosecution of Genocide
Foreign Prosecutions and Other Proceedings
Taking Responsibility

Conclusion

March 1999,     ISBN 1-56432-171-1