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Schools and Armed Conflict
A Global Survey of Domestic Laws and State Practice Protecting Schools from Attack and Military Use
Summary
Recommendations
Introduction
Methodology
Terminology
I. Implicit Protection from Attack: Protections for
“Civilian Objects”
International
Humanitarian Law
Domestic Law
and State Practice
II. Explicit Protection from Attack: Criminalizing Deliberate
Attacks on Education Buildings
International
Humanitarian and Criminal Law
Early
Protections
International
Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
Special
Panels for Serious Crimes in East Timor
International
Criminal Court
Domestic Law
and State Practice
III. Protecting Education Buildings from Military Use
International
Humanitarian Law
General
Protections for Education during Military Occupation
Education
Buildings as Cultural Property
Human Rights
Law..
Domestic Law
and State Practice
Countries
with explicit prohibitions or explicit restrictions on the use of schools
Countries
with implicit restrictions on the use of schools
Countries
that do not use schools, regardless of any obligation
Other State
Practice
Countries
with a constitutional right to education
Appendix:
Laws and State Practice by Country
Albania
Argentina
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Belgium
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burundi
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Czech
Republic
Democratic
Republic of Congo
Ecuador
El Salvador
Estonia
Fiji
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
India
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Jordan
Latvia
Lithuania
Mali
Mexico
Montenegro
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Panama
Philippines
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Slovenia
South Africa
South Korea
(Republic of Korea)
Spain
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Ukraine
United
Kingdom
United
States
Uruguay
Acknowledgments
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