Ballots to Bullets

Organized Political Violence and Kenya's Crisis of Governance

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Map of Kenya

Summary

Methodology

Recommendations

On Accountability

On Reforms to Safeguard against Human Rights Violations

On Displaced Persons

Background: Kenya’s Long-Term Crisis of Governance

A Century of Land Grievances

Fifty Years of a Temporary Constitution

Political Violence and Decades of Impunity

Human Rights Violations in the Context of the General Election

The Hijacking of Kenya’s 2007 Presidential Poll

Use of Excessive Force and Extrajudicial Killings by Police

The Scale and Impact of Police Shooting

Massacre in Kisumu

Police Shootings in Nairobi Slums

Organized Violence in the Rift Valley

Post-Election Violence around Eldoret

Kikuyu Reprisals and Mungiki

Revenge in Naivasha

Tit for Tat in Nakuru

An Endless Cycle of Violence in Molo

Chased from Central Province

The Potential Long-Term Impact of Violence: Ethnic Engineering

The Response of the Kenyan Government

The Role of the Police

Police Overstretch

Restrictions on the Media and Freedom of Assembly

Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation

The Response of International Actors

An Example of ‘The Responsibility to Protect’

Acknowledgments

Annex 1: Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation, Agreement establishing a Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
(PDF file - 3 pages, 698 kb)

Annex 2: Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation, Agreement establishing a Commission of Inquiry on Post-Election Violence
(PDF file - 3 pages, 614 kb)

Annex 3: Terms of Reference for the Independent Review Committee to investigate the General Election of 2007 (PDF file - 4 pages, 748 kb)

March 2008   Volume 20, No. 1(A)