Delicious
Digg
StumbleUpon
Reddit
Ma.gnolia
Facebook
Google
Yahoo
TechnoratiSUDAN, OIL, AND HUMAN RIGHTS
GLOSSARIES
The
Concession Holders
Past Players:
MAP B: OIL CONCESSIONS IN CENTRAL AND
SOUTHERN SUDAN AS OF AUGUST 2002
Map C: OIL ACTIVITY AND THE SCENE OF
WAR IN WESTERN UPPER NILE, AS OF OCTOBER 31, 2002
Map
D: Ethnic Geography In Western Upper Nile..
Main Rebel and Militia Forces in
Southern Sudan Named in this Report
Key Southern Individuals Named in This
Report
Key Non-Southern Individuals Named in
This Report
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
SUMMARY..
The Displaced
Sudan's Land and Peoples
Oil in Sudan: The Corporate Holdings
Government Strategy of Divide and
Displace
Government Revenue from Oil and
Expenditures on Arms
Corporate Responsibility
Talisman and the Canadian Government
The Role of the U.S.
Postscript: Peace Talks Update 2003
PART I: OIL IN SOUTHERN SUDAN:101
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS101
BACKGROUND... 101
Blocks 1, 2, 4, and 5A and 5B: Oil
Geography101
Human Population106
Maps and Tax Records of Nuer and Dinka
Presence107
The Living Patterns of Dinka and Nuer114
Relations between Baggara, and Nuer
and Dinka116
Independence, Civil War, and the Addis
Ababa Agreement118
THE CHEVRON PERIOD: 1974-92123
Overview.. 123
Chevron Oil Concessions 126
Southern Fears about Oil Development128
Resumption of Civil War130
Formation of SPLM/A in Ethiopia, 1983132
Government Use of the Baggara as a
Forced Displacement Tool, 1980s134
Chevron Attempts and Fails to Develop
the Oilfields144
Overthrow of President Nimeiri,
Chevron Pulls Out, 1985148
Civil War and Political Developments149
Elections 1986, Military Coup 1989149
SPLA Control of Western Upper Nile150
Government Use of Paulino Matiep's
Nuer Militia152
Government Army Displacement of Nuer
from the Oilfields, 1990154
SPLM/A Split; Riek Machar Heads
Breakaway Faction, 1991155
THE ARAKIS PERIOD: 1992-98160
Overview.. 160
Arakis Energy's Struggle to Develop
the Oilfields162
Early Problems for Arakis, 1992-93162
Formation of GNPOC Consortium, 1996164
Divide, Displace, and Destroy in the
Oil Areas166
Army/Muraheleen displacement, 1992-98166
The 1996 Political Charter and the
1997 Khartoum Peace Agreement171
Contested Elections and Displacement
by the Nuer Militias, 1996-98177
PART II: OIL FUELS THE WAR.. 182
OIL DEVELOPMENT AND DISPLACEMENT.. 182
IN BLOCK 5A, 1996-98182
Overview.. 182
Lundin (IPC) Enters the Scene, 1996183
The Significance of the GNPOC Pipeline185
Block 5A Operations in 1998186
Fighting and Displacement of Nuer
Communities in Block 5A, May-October 1998190
Government Depopulates Block 5A, 1998191
Government Army and
Paulino Matiep Militia in Ler, 1998194
Relief Agencies Note Forced
Displacement and Devastation in Western Upper Nile, 1998204
THE WUNLIT NUER-DINKA RECONCILIATION
PROCESS, 1999210
Overview.. 210
The West Bank Nuer/Dinka
People-to-People Peace and Reconciliation Conference, February-March 1999211
Purpose of the Wunlit Conference211
Participants at the Wunlit Conference215
Proceedings and Resolutions at the
Wunlit Conference219
OIL SUCCESSES FOR GOVERNMENT DESPITE
REBEL MILITARY OPPOSITION: TALISMAN STEPS IN, 1998-99223
Overview.. 223
Talisman Becomes New Lead Partner for
Blocks 1, 2, and 4, Mid-1998225
Government Inaugurates Oil Pipeline in
Heglig, May 1999229
Government Inaugurates Khartoum Oil
Refinery, June 1999230
First Oil Exports Flow from Sudan,
August 1999231
Incidents of Pipeline Sabotage, 1999233
Government Relations with Southern
Militias, 1999237
Divisions in Paulino Matiep's Bul Nuer
Militia, October 1998-September 1999237
Government Foments Division of SSDF
Into Smaller Nuer Militias239
Dispute over Block 5A Oilfields
between Government and SSDF, Early 1999241
Government Calls for Military
Volunteers to Defend Oilfields, 1999244
DISPLACEMENT AND DEVASTATION IN BLOCK
1, 1999247
Overview.. 247
Government Campaign of Forcible
Displacement from Block 1, February-July 1999247
BATTLE FOR CONTROL OVER BLOCK 5A,260
April-June 1999260
Overview.. 260
Battle for Control of Block 5A: First
Rebel Attack on Oil Operations Since 1984; Lundin Evacuates, May 1999262
Fighting Begins As Army Troops Attempt
to Occupy Oil Rig267
Government Army Occupies Lundin
Drilling Site; Militia Forces Chase Civilians and SSDF Rebels to a Distant
Corner of Block 5A.. 272
Each Side Accuses the Other of
Instigating Fighting in Block 5A, May 1999274
Civilians Displaced from Block 5A,
May-August 1999278
Nuer Civilians Flee to Mayandit, then
to Dinkaland278
Dinka Warmly Welcome Displaced Nuer,
Slow International Relief284
Other Displaced Nuer Embark on
Hazardous Journey to Nyal and Ganyliel287
Other Human Rights Abuses Linked to
Displacement, 1999289
Rape and Other Abuses Against Women290
Government Use of Antipersonnel Landmines295
Rebel Treatment of Prisoners297
Rebel and Government Militia
Recruitment of Child Soldiers299
OIL-CAUSED REALIGNMENT OF SOUTHERN
REBEL FORCES AND ESCALATION OF WAR, LATE 1999304
Overview.. 304
Rapprochement Between the SPLM/A and
SSDF 1999305
Renewed Fighting in Block 5A, July
1999308
Khartoum Peace Agreement Talks Fail
Again314
Pro-Government Militia Commander Peter
Gatdet Mutinies Against Paulino Matiep and Government, September 1999315
Cmdr. Peter Gatdet's Troops Attack Oil
Areas and Oilrig in Block 1, October 1999321
Government Recruitment and Diplacement
in the Oilfields, October 1999323
Government Army Displaces Athonj and
Other Villages Near El Toor Oilfield, Block 1, 1999323
Calls for Mujahedeen Volunteers325
Nuer Peace Talks; Formation of the
Upper Nile Provisional Military Command Council, November 1999327
Fighting Continues between Southern
Rebels and Government in Blocks 1 and 4, November 1999330
THE OIL ROAD: NUER DISUNITY AND OIL DISPLACEMENT INCREASE, 2000334
Overview.. 334
Riek Machar Resigns from Government
and Forms Sudan People's Defence Forces/Democratic Front, February 2000335
Government Offensives in Support of
Road Building for the the Oilfields, 2000339
Fighting Along the Oil Roads, April
2000341
Nuer Forces, Armed by Others, Return
to Fighting Each Other, July-October 2000351
SPDF Forces Receive Government
Ammunition to Fight SPLA, June-July 2000351
Government Completes All-Weather Road
to Ryer/Thar Jath353
A Journalist Travels the Oil Road,
April 2001354
Government-Armed Offensive Leaves Tens
of Thousands of Civilians Uprooted, 2000357
MORE PEACE EFFORTS, MORE FIGHTING IN
THE OILFIELDS: 2001-2002364
Overview.. 364
Political Developments Related to the
Oil War366
Southern Efforts to Unite Southern
Militias in Government Territory366
Wunlit Threatened by Continued
Intra-Nuer SPLA/SPDF Fighting, February 2001368
SPLM/A and SPDF Talks and Merger,
2001-2002370
U.S. Peace Initiative Under Senator
Danforth, September 2001-May 2002375
Military DevelopmentsBlocks 1, 2, and
4: GNPOC.. 377
Use of GNPOC Airstrips383
Block 5A, Early 2001386
The Military Tide Turns Toward the
Rebels in Block 5A, Late 2001-2002; Lundin Suspends Operations Again388
Government Counter-offensive in Block
5A, 2002, Displaces Civilians392
Displacement Crisis in Oil Areas
Because of Fighting, 2001-2002401
Oil Developments410
Oil Production Increases in Blocks 1,
2, and 4410
Lundin Makes a "Significant Oil
Discovery" in Block 5A in 2001, Suspends Operations Again in 2002412
New Blocks to be Exploited413
PART III: HUMAN RIGHTS CONSEQUENCES OF
OIL DEVELOPMENT416
INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT AND
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 416
Overview.. 416
Numbers of Nuer and Dinka Displaced
from Oil Blocks in Western Upper Nile/Unity State417
1998-1999418
2000-2001420
2001-March 2002422
The Illegality of Forced Displacement
under International Humanitarian Law 424
Contractually-Incurred Obligations
Forbidding Forced Displacement427
Oil Operations as a Military Objective429
Relief Politics and Abuses in the
South430
Government Flight Bans and Bombings of
Relief Locations in Western Upper Nile433
Rebel Manipulation of Relief448
Overview.. 456
TABLE 1: SUDANESE GOVERNMENT OIL
REVENUE AND MILITARY EXPENDITURES, 1999-2002458
Oil Revenues Soar459
Government Ability to Stem Post-2005
GNPOC Production Decline Hinges on Block 5A and Other New Production463
Government Military Spending Almost
Doubles in Two Years, Using Up 60 percent of the Oil Revenue464
Government Uses Oil Wealth for Arms
Imports and Industry468
Sudan Suspected of Acquiring Polish
Tanks Intended for Yemen, August 1999470
Government Revenue from Oil,
Development Applications?473
IMF Audits474
Government Uses Oil Revenue to Buy
Friends475
Increased Government Bombing of the
South478
Bombing in 1999478
Increased Bombing in 2000481
Bombing Condemned, April 2000486
U.S. Attempts to Obtain an End to
Civilian Aerial Bombardment, 2001/2002489
NEGLECT OF THE ENVIRONMENT.. 497
Environmental Issues Regarding the
Sudd and the Jonglei Canal497
Warnings about Environmental Impact of
Oil Extraction500
Talisman's and GNPOC's Limited Environmental
Impact Assessment, August 1998503
Block 5A: Lundin Claimed Environmental
Impact Study Done505
Satellite Evidence of Alteration to
the Environment and Drying Out of River/Stream Bed508
PART IV: FOREIGN CORPORATE COMPLICITY,
FOREIGN GOVERNMENT SUPPORT510
TALISMAN AND CANADA, 1998-2000510
Talisman's Decision to Invest510
Talisman Failure to Investigate
Allegations514
What Riek Machar Said He Told
Talisman, 1998-99515
What Gov. Taban Deng Said He Told
Talisman, 1999519
The Campaign Against Talisman520
Canadian Government Promises Action on
Talisman, March-April 1999520
Talisman Annual Meeting May 1999522
U.N. Expert Criticizes Oilfield Human
Rights Abuses, October 1999527
Canadian Government Issues Policy
Statement on Sudan, October 1999; Talisman Signs Code of Conduct, December 1999529
Southern Politicians in Khartoum
Denounce Oil Companies, November 1999534
Talisman Takes Oil Analysts on Company
Tour of Sudan, November 1999536
The Harker Report541
Canadian Government Announces
Toothless Sudan Program, February 2000545
U.S. Criticizes Canada549
Canadian Initiative at U.N. Security
Council Blocked, April 2000550
TALISMAN "HUMAN RIGHTS" AND
DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS, 2000-2002552
Talisman Annual Meeting, May 2000553
Talisman Meets the Sudan Government;
GNPOC Signs Code of Ethics, December 2000555
Talisman Human Rights Monitoring558
Corporate Social Responsibility Report
2000, Sudan (April 2001)559
Compensation Payments (Pipeline Only)560
Development Initiatives and Relief
Donations562
Talisman Condemned at Annual Meeting
2001568
Canadian Government Response570
Cynical Satellite Images, 2001574
Talisman Annual Meeting, May 2002576
Talisman Pulls Out, October 2002578
LUNDIN: WILLFULLY BLIND TO DEVASTATION
IN BLOCK 5A.. 581
Lundin's Concession581
Lundin Hides the Situation of Armed
Conflict in Block 5A.. 582
Lundin Denies Revelations about Forced
Displacement in Block 5A, 2001589
Lundin's "Oil Policy on Sudan"
Substitutes for a Human Rights Policy596
Talisman Buys Lundin's Non-Sudan
Assets, June 2001597
Lundin Suspends Operations Due To
"Insecurity," January 2002-April 2003599
Lundin Community Development Program... 602
CHINA'S INVOLVEMENT IN SUDAN: ARMS AND
OIL.. 605
Arms Trade between China and Sudan606
China's Need to Acquire Foreign Oil
Reserves607
China's First Initial Public Offering
on the N.Y. Stock Exchange Backfires612
CNPC Erects a "Firewall" to Satisfy
Activists614
Opposition Undercuts PetroChina
Initial Public Offering, March 2000617
2001619
CNPC Participation in Government
Refinery621
OTHER OIL COMPANIES622
Petronas: Partner in GNPOC, Lundin,
and Block 5B Concessions622
OMV (Sudan): Excited about Thar Jath
Discoveries626
TotalFinaElf: Courted by Khartoum
Government629
Royal Dutch/Shell632
THE UNITED STATES: DIPLOMACY REVIVED... 633
Overview.. 633
Clinton Administration Policy on Sudan634
U.S. Bombs Khartoum, August 1998636
U.S at the U.N.638
U.S. Congress Gets in on the Act639
Campaign Against Oil Investment645
Pressure to Sell Off Talisman Shares645
The Campaign for Capital Market
Sanctions651
Talisman Sued by Displaced under the
Alien Tort Claims Act in New York656
U.S. Aid to Sudanese Rebel Groups657
U.S. Special Envoy for Humanitarian
Assistance to Sudan: May 2001662
U.S. Special Envoy for Peace in Sudan:
September 2001665
U.S. Policy in Sudan, 2002666
EUROPEAN UNION... 673
E.U.-Sudan Political Dialogue674
E.U. Leadership at the U.N. Commission
on Human Rights680
PART V: CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS688
CONCLUSION... 688
RECOMMENDATIONS696
I. Minimum Benchmarks696
Displacement696
Transparency699
II. Failure to meet benchmarks699
To the European Union and its member
states (notably Sweden, Austria, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom), and
the governments of Canada, China, and Malaysia, and any other state where oil
companies operating in Sudan are headquartered:699
III. Additional Recommendations700
To the companies:700
To the Government of Sudan:701
To the United States:703
To the Canadian Government:704
To the governments of Canada, China,
and Malaysia:705
To the European Union and its member
states, notably Sweden, Austria, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom:705
To the members of the United Nations
Security Council:706
To the World Bank:706
To the rebel forces: the SPLM/A and
other anti-government armed groups:706
APPENDIX A: CHART OF BOMBING CONDUCTED
BY THE GOVERNMENT OF SUDAN, 2000-2001708
APPENDIX
B: International Monetary Fund, Code of Good Practices on Fiscal Transparency.. 714
APPENDIX C: CHRONOLOGY: OIL,
DISPLACEMENT, & POLITICS IN SUDAN 723
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS753