FULL RECOMMENDATIONS

To the Government of Sudan:

Government forces and government-sponsored and -supplied militias/Janjaweed must immediately cease their campaign of ethnic cleansing and attacks on civilians and civilian property in Darfur.

Immediately and fully implement the provisions of the Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement signed April 8, 2004.

Immediately disarm and disband the government-sponsored and -supplied militia forces/Janjaweed active in Darfur and withdraw them from those parts of Darfur they have occupied by force and/or in conjuction with the army from 2003 to the present.

Facilitate the full, safe, and unimpeded access of humanitarian personnel and the urgent delivery of humanitarian assistance to all populations in need in Darfur, expedite entry visas and travel permits for all humanitarian aid organizations and workers, and fully cooperate with such organizations.

Take immediate and effective measures to enable the voluntary return ofrefugees and displaced persons to their homes in safety and dignity, including through ensuring security and freedom of movement in displaced persons camps and rural areas and the urgent distribution of adequate grain, other food items, seeds, and basic reconstruction materials to all populations in need.

Provide fair compensation and reparations to all victims of the conflict for lost grain, livestock and other assests.

Investigate abuses by the Janjaweed militia forces and the Sudanese armed forces in Darfur, try alleged perpetrators in accordance with international fair trial standards, and require them to divest all their looted property.

Suspend Sudanese government officials alleged to be involved in the planning, recruitment and command of Janjajweed militia forces from official duties pending investigation of their role in the commission of crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other violations of international humanitarian law in Darfur in 2003-2004.

Facilitate the establishment of, and cooperate with, a U.N. human rights monitoring mission,and an international Commission of Experts to investigate and reach conclusions on the evidence concerning crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other violations of international humanitarian law committed by all parties in Darfur in 2003-2004.

Ensure that international ceasefire observers have unhindered access throughout Darfur with permission to move without prior government clearance and to visit all locations without notice, in their own transport.

To the Sudanese Liberation Army/Movement (SLA/M) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM):

Immediately and fully implement and abide by the provisions of the Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement signed April 8, 2004

Facilitate the full, safe and unimpeded access of humanitarian personnel and the urgent delivery of humanitarian assistance to all populations in need in Darfur.

Facilitate the establishment of, and cooperate with, a U.N. human rights monitoring mission,and an international Commission of Experts to investigate and reach conclusions on the evidence concerning crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other violations of international humanitarian law committed by all parties in Darfur in 2003-2004.

To the Government of Chad:

Ensure that Sudanese refugees in Chad receive adequate protection and assistance and are not involuntarily repatriated to Darfur.

To the African Union:

Rapidly deploy the Ceasefire Commission and ceasefire observers to Darfur and ensure that adequate numbers of observers are based in larger and smaller towns and rural areas before the start of the rainy season.

Ensure that ceasefire observers periodically publicly report on all violations of the ceasefire agreement including attacks on civilians by any party and on the parties' compliance with international humanitarian law.

Monitor access to, and the provision of, humanitarian assistance to war-affected civilians.

Ensure that ceasefire monitors are adequately trained in international human rights and humanitarian law prior to their deployment.

Appoint a qualified expert to participate in the U.N. Commission of Experts.

To the U. N. Security Council:

Take measures, including through the adoption of a resolution that seek to end and reverse "ethnic cleansing" in Darfur, ensure the protection of civilians at risk, create an environment conducive to the voluntary return in safety and dignity of all refugees and displaced persons, and provide for the effective and unrestricted delivery of humanitarian assistance.

Establish an impartial Commission of Experts to examine the evidence concerning crimes against humanity, war crimes and other violations of international humanitarian law committed by all parties in Darfur in 2003-2004, including the nature of the crimes, the identity of the perpetrators, and the role of authorities in the commission of crimes; collect and preserve evidence of the crimes; and, make recommendations on appropriate action to ensure accountability for the crimes.

Establish an international humanrights monitoring mission with field offices in Darfur andKhartoum mandated to periodically publicly report on human rights and humanitarian law violations.

To U.N. member states:

Contribute personnel, equipment, other resources and funding to the African Union ceasefire monitoring mission.

Provide assistance and support to the voluntary return and effective reintegration of Dafurian refugees and displaced persons into their home communities.

Contribute to the economic and social reconstruction of Darfur and support international humanitarian assistance and human rights monitoring and investigations in Darfur.

To U.N. humanitarian agencies and humanitarian nongovernmental organizations:

Promote the protection of civilians simultaneous with the distribution of humanitarian assistance; decentralize aid distribution rather than concentrate it in displaced camps and settlements, to the greatest extent possible within security limits.

Make efforts to prevent the creation of permanent displaced persons camps that reinforce the ethnic cleansing and forced displacement that has occurred.

Increase assistance to the war-affected population, including food aid, seeds, tools and other assistance.

APPENDIX A: POPULATION OF SUDAN: ETHNIC CENSUS OF 1956(ONLY ETHNIC CENSUS TO DATE)

"The population of Sudan consists of:

39% Arabs

30% Southerners

13% Westerners

6% each of Beja and Nuba

3% Nubiyin

3% Foreigners & Miscellaneous"[175]

These percentages were based on the identification of tribes (of which 597 were registered, grouped into 56 tribal groups).In the census people could choose which tribe under which to register themselves, but the tribes themselves were categorized by the census as Arab, Southern, Western, Beja, Nuba, and Nubiyin (Nubian).This was inadequate but remains the only ethnic census taken.

The census determined that Arabic was spoken at home by 51 percent of the population, and non-Arabic indigenous languages by 48 percent.

Courtesy of Douglas H. Johnson, Oxford, U.K., April 29, 2004.