The State of the Art
I.
Introduction
II. Challenges and Responses-Making Universal
Jurisdiction a Reality
A.Notification
and Complaint Mechanisms
B.Developing
Expertise in Prosecuting International Crimes
III. Continuing Obstacles to Universal Jurisdiction
A.Absence
of Implementing Legislation
B.Amnesties
and Immunities
C.Presence
Requirement and the Possibility of Investigation
D.Prosecutorial
Discretion
E.Subsidiarity
IV. Conclusion
V. Recommendations
Country Case Studies
VI. Belgium
A.Jurisdictional
Challenges
B.Practical
Arrangements for the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Belgium...
C.Cooperation
D.Role
and Rights of Victims and Witnesses
E.Fair
Investigation and Trial
VII. Denmark
A.Jurisdictional
Challenges
B.Practical
Arrangements for the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Denmark
C.Cooperation
D.Role
and Rights of Victims and Witnesses
E.Fair
Investigation and Trial
VIII.
France
Jurisdictional Challenges
Practical Arrangements for the
Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in France
Cooperation
Role and Rights of Victims and
Witnesses
E.Fair
Investigation and Trial
IX. Germany
A.Jurisdictional
Challenges
B.Practical
Arrangements for the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Germany
C.Cooperation
D.Role
and Rights of Victims
E.Fair
Investigation and Trial
X. Netherlands
A.Jurisdictional
Challenges
B.Practical
Arrangements for the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in the Netherlands
C.Cooperation
D.Role
and Rights of Victims and Witnesses
E.Fair
Investigation and Trial
XI. Norway
A.Jurisdictional
Challenges
B.Practical
Arrangements for the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Norway
C.Cooperation
D.Role
and Rights of Victims and Witnesses
Fair Investigation and Trial
XII.
Spain
Jurisdictional Challenges
B.Practical
Arrangements for the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Spain
Cooperation
Role and Rights of Victims and
Witnesses
Fair Investigation and Trial
XIII. United Kingdom (England and Wales)
A.Jurisdictional
Challenges
Practical Arrangements for the
Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in the England and Wales
C.Cooperation
D.Role
and Rights of Victims and Witnesses
E.Fair
Investigation and Trial100
XIV. Acknowledgments101