November 7, 2007Widespread Use of Police Violence to Disperse DemonstratorsDispersal of protestors and hunger strikers on the steps of ParliamentAfter the demonstrations began on November 2, 2007, each subsequent night a small group of demonstrators stayed on the steps of the Parliament building, including some individuals who had announced a hunger strike on November 4. On the night of November 6-7, they numbered approximately 70, including 41 hunger strikers.42 A few policemen as well as three or four television journalists and a few cameramen also remained in front of Parliament through the night. 43 A section of Rustaveli Avenue in front of Parliament remained closed by police, who had barred traffic from entering the area since the protests started on November 2. Because it had been raining for several days, a blue plastic tarp, approximately 20 meters long and three meters wide, had been propped up on poles taken from protestors flags and on metal police barricades to shelter those spending the night on the steps of Parliament.44 There was also a wooden platform and sound equipment used during the day by opposition leaders. There were no tents or other structures on the steps of Parliament or on the sidewalk in front of Parliament. Several witnesses interviewed separately by Human Rights Watch consistently described the same sequence of events on the steps of Parliament on the morning of November 7. Sometime shortly after 7 a.m. approximately 10-15 city garbage trucks and street cleaning vehicles arrived on Rustaveli Avenue and on the sidewalks in front of the Parliament building. Men in sanitation worker uniforms quickly collected garbage from the sidewalk.45 As the men cleaned the sidewalk, two buses drove down Rustaveli Avenue and appeared prepared to enter the section of Rustaveli Avenue in front of Parliament that had been closed to cars since the demonstrations began on November 2. Soon thereafter, at approximately 7:50 a.m., a large number of police officers in long yellow raincoats began to approach the front of Parliament from the direction of Freedom Square. The police began to file into rows on Rustaveli Avenue facing Parliament.46 Some police coming from this direction placed metal crowd control barriers along Rustaveli Avenue and the sidewalk in front of Parliament, apparently in order to prevent people from going into Rustaveli Avenue.47 At the same time, a large number of police came along Rustaveli Avenue from the direction of the Marriott Hotel Tbilisi and Republican Square, and amassed on the sidewalk in front of Parliament. This group wore jeans, black coats, and masks.48 Witnesses interviewed by Human Rights Watch could not determine the exact number of police gathered on Rustaveli Avenue, but they appeared to number in the hundreds.49 The garbage and street cleaning trucks that had arrived earlier appeared to be parked in such a way as to create a corridor for the police to approach the front of Parliament.50 After amassing, the police officers divided into three groups and quickly began to approach the hunger strikers, demonstrators, and journalists on the steps of Parliament. According to multiple witnesses, the police made no audible demand for anyone to disperse nor gave any indication that force would be used to disperse people who did not do so willingly.51 The first group of police rushed at the hunger strikers and other demonstrators, and without any warning began to pull them off of their makeshift beds and punch and kick them. This group of policemen made no attempt to arrest anyone.52 Bidzina Gegidze, a former professional rugby player and opposition supporter who had spent the night on the steps of Parliament, described the actions of the police:
Other witnesses similarly described the police attack on the hunger strikers. According to one journalist, who declined to be named out of concerns for his safety,
Witnesses described seeing the police beat Levan Gachechiladze, a member of Parliament from the New Right Party and one of four opposition leaders participating in the hunger strike. According to Tinatin Khidasheli, a Republican Party leader, who arrived at Rustaveli Avenue just as police began to approach the protestors, The police grabbed Levan Gachechiladze and beat him even as he lay on the ground.55 Bidzina Gegidze also described the police attack on Gachechiladze: They were beating a lot of people, but they especially went after Levan. They hit him hard and he fell. He couldnt stand up. Five or six guys descended on him, kicking him. [A few of us] went to try to protect him. I wasnt resisting anymore. I was just trying to protect him . Some of our supporters dragged Levan away in order to protect him.56 Witnesses described other instances in which demonstrators or those who had just arrived on the scene attempted to protect hunger strikers or other demonstrators, interfering with the actions of police.57 The second group of police approaching the steps of Parliament immediately went towards the eight to ten journalists and cameramen who were already filming the attack on the demonstrators. Some of this footage was later broadcast on television. One journalist told Human Rights Watch,
The same witness reported that a journalist and cameraman from Russia Today fled the steps as the groups of police approached and were pursued by policemen for several hundred meters but managed to escape. Police confiscated the cameras and other equipment from all of the other journalists and cameramen present.59 Without their equipment, journalists were prevented from documenting the police attack on the demonstrators, which continued for approximately another 10 minutes. One journalist told Human Rights Watch, The very reason I went into journalism was this idea to be where I was needed. What happened [on November 7] was really awful for me. They took away our right to do our job.60 Police returned the journalists equipment an hour after confiscating it. At the same time as groups of police launched attacks on demonstrators and journalists, a third group of police moved directly towards opposition leader and former Minister of Conflict Resolution Giorgi Khaindrava. Khaindrava told Human Rights Watch that he did not resist the six men who surrounded him in order to detain him. I put my hands behind me. They grabbed me and picked me up from behind by the belt of my pants and pushed my head down. They forced me forward and into a car. I was immediately taken to court, he said.61 According to his lawyer, Khaindrava was initially charged with hooliganism, resisting arrest, and use of narcotics. The first two charges were dropped when the judge learned that the police officers filing the report and testifying at the court hearing were not present during Khaindravas arrest.62 Khaindrava was fined 400 lari (US$235) for refusing to submit to a drug test and then released.63 Government officials gave conflicting accounts of police actions on that morning. One Ministry of Interior official told Human Rights Watch that in the early morning of November 7, police had come to set up barriers to prevent protestors from entering Rustaveli Avenue from the sidewalk in front of Parliament. According to this official, because some of the demonstrators resisted police efforts to block access to the street and open the street to traffic, there were minor clashes between police and protestors, and Giorgi Khaindrava was arrested for resisting police.64 Witnesses acknowledged scuffles with police, as described above, but none said they tried to stop police from blocking access to Rustaveli Avenue. Bidzina Gegidze said, however, that demonstrators verbally protested when they saw the approaching buses.65 Another Ministry of Interior official denied that police took any action with respect to demonstrators, but only that patrol and neighborhood police cleaned up garbage from the area in front of Parliament and on Rustaveli Avenue and opened the road to traffic.66 On the day of the events, Tbilisi Mayor Gigi Ugulava stated that the authorities had acted in the early morning of November 7 in response to opposition plans to set up tents, which he viewed as an indication of their intention to continue demonstrations until their demands would be met. He also stated that the small number of demonstrators remaining justified the governments desire to reopen Rustaveli Avenue to traffic.67 Violent dispersal of protestors on Rustaveli Avenue in front of ParliamentAfter the early morning police actions on the steps of Parliament, opposition party leaders and others went to the nearby office of the Republican Party where they publicly called for a demonstration at 2 p.m. in front of Parliament. Many people did not wait until 2 p.m. to gather, instead arriving in front of Parliament almost immediately. Some had seen on television some footage of the police dispersal of protestors earlier that morning.68 At about 11 a.m. leaders of the opposition parties returned to the front of Parliament. Several hundred police in long yellow raincoats remained on Rustaveli Avenue. According to the Ministry of Interior, these police officers were unarmed, except for a few who had truncheons.69 By approximately 11:30 a.m. there were three lines of police surrounding the demonstrators and containing them on the sidewalk in front of Parliament, which holds at most a few thousand people, and preventing them from entering Rustaveli Avenue. The demonstrators were unarmed. Demonstrators break through the police lineAs the number of demonstrators grew, to approximately 3,000-5,000 people,70 it became increasingly difficult for police to contain them on the sidewalk. According to one witness, There was a huge flood of people coming very quickly. There were so many people that they could no longer fit on the territory in front of Parliament.71 Some individuals, including some opposition leaders, were talking to police and demanding that they allow the demonstrators to move into the street. Individual demonstrators also pushed policemen, who pushed back as necessary to maintain the police line. There were some scuffles between police and protestors.72 Police made some arrests. At the same time, demonstrators continued to approach Parliament along Rustaveli Avenue and some of them amassed behind the police line.73 At approximately 12 p.m. the Ministry of Interior ordered the police to retreat from the cordon they were maintaining in front of the Parliament.74 Individual police officers moved away and the police lines broke apart and the crowd flowed into Rustaveli Avenue. As this happened, there were individual clashes between police and demonstrators.75 One witness told Human Rights Watch, I saw two policemen in yellow coats holding a young man by his arms and dragging him, while a third policeman punched him on the head. The boy was not resisting. I shouted, Dont beat him! They saw that I was filming them with my mobile phone and they let him go.76 A senior Ministry of Interior official told Human Rights Watch that four police officers were beaten by demonstrators and a police car was damaged. When asked to elaborate, the official stated that one policeman was struck in the back by a demonstrator using a flag pole, but did not provide detailed information about the other three.77 Nugzar N., a 19-year-old opposition supporter who had moved with the crowd onto Rustaveli Avenue, said that around 20 men dressed in black coats with hoods, whom he believed to be law enforcement agents, but who could not be identified, came and started fights with some of the protestors. Together with a friend, Nugzar N. started to move across the street and the men in black pursued him, grabbed him, and started kicking him. He told Human Rights Watch that he did not resist, as he was outnumbered and it was nonsense to fight [back].78 As the crowds continued to move through the police line, two policemen grabbed an employee of the Office of the Ombudsman who was in the midst of the crowd moving onto Rustaveli Avenue. When she told them that she was a representative of the Ombudsman, the policemen responded, We dont care who you are! and started to push her back toward the Parliament building.79 A journalist approached and shouted to the policemen, She is from the Ombudsmans Office. You dont have any right to touch her!80 In response, the police let her go.81 As they moved into Rustaveli Avenue, protestors pulled the metal barriers that the police had set up in front of Parliament to help control the crowd and formed a barricade line approximately from the corner of Chichinadze Street near School No. 1 across Rustaveli Avenue to the front of the Kashueti church.82 Several thousand protestors amassed behind this line along Rustaveli Avenue towards Parliament facing in the direction of the Marriott Hotel Tbilisi.83 Deployment of riot police and other law enforcement personnelWhen the patrol police were ordered to retreat from their line, riot police and other law enforcement personnel, who had been mobilizing at Republican Square and elsewhere, were called in.84 They moved towards Parliament from the direction of Republican Square and established their own line across Rustaveli Avenue stretching approximately from the corner of Lesia Ukrainka Street and the edge of School No. 1 to the front of the Blue Gallery. Police also brought in two large blue trucks labeled Police, at least one equipped with a water cannon apparently designed for crowd dispersal. There were also ambulances and fire trucks behind the police line on Rustaveli Avenue. The first line of law enforcement personnel consisted of riot police in plastic helmets and holding plastic shields and truncheons. Behind them were other personnel in various types of dress. Many were in camouflage uniforms; some of those wearing camouflage had helmets, some had black cloth ski masks, and some were also wearing black plastic body armor. Others were dressed in all black and wearing black ski masks, typical of Georgian special forces troops. Yet another set of forces wore jeans, black jackets, and black ski masks; some of the black jackets had Criminal Police written across the back. The police in yellow raincoats also gathered near or behind the police line. No witnesses whom Human Rights Watch interviewed said they saw any of the law enforcement personnel wearing any visible form of identification such as a name or number badge. According to Shota Utiashvili, head of the Ministry of Interiors Analytical Department, only two types of law enforcement personnel were deployed on Rustaveli Avenue that day: riot police in full crowd control gear, who made up the front lines, and regular patrol police, including many from outside of Tbilisi. When asked about the lack of uniforms on some law enforcement personnel and the various forms of dress, Utiashvili replied that the black uniforms were used for patrol police and criminal police brought in from the regions as reinforcements for whom uniforms were not available.85 Another Ministry of Interior official stated that there were only riot police engaged in the operations on November 7, after patrol police were pulled aside.86 Both officials also claimed that black face masks were typical for police engaged in riot control in all countries.87 It was not possible for Human Rights Watch to determine the exact composition of law enforcement personnel operating on Rustaveli Avenue. However, a doctor interviewed by Human Rights Watch told us that one law enforcement officer admitted to City Hospital No. 1 stated that he was a member of the special forces of the penitentiary department, which are under the authority of the Ministry of Justice.88 Many witnesses referred to the law enforcement officers as special forces and some witnesses speculated that some of those participating were not officially part of any force structure. Warnings to disperseAt approximately 12:30 p.m., using a loudspeaker, police began to demand that the crowd clear the street and to warn that if people did not disperse, police would be required to use all legal means to disperse the crowd. According to witnesses, the announcement was repeated several times.89 The Ministry of Interior maintains that the announcement was made for 10 minutes.90 Some witnesses told Human Rights Watch that the announcement was difficult to hear, as there was a great deal of noise from the crowd itself.91 Human Rights Watch could not determine whether some protestors began to disperse in response to the announcement, but video evidence and witness testimony confirm that at least the front lines of demonstrators did not make any attempts to disperse.92 Witnesses told Human Rights Watch that some protestors remained standing in place with their hands up.93 Video and photographic images confirm this.94 According to one witness, some people also said, Lets get on our knees so that they wont take any action against us.95 Opposition party activist Nuzgar N., who stood at the front of the crowd of protestors, told Human Rights Watch, My friends and I stood behind the metal barriers [facing the riot police] and put our hands up. We shouted, We are all Georgians, dont use force against us.96 A senior Ministry of Interior official described the crowd of 5,000 people as very violent, although he was not himself present.97 Immediately following the warnings for the crowd to disperse, law enforcement personnel began firing bursts of water from the water cannon at the front line of protestors. A few demonstrators were knocked down by the force of the water. Some demonstrators began to move away from the water.98 However, most protestors remained in place, defying the police orders to disperse. Some waved their fists and shouted at the police.99 The Ministry of Interior claimed that the water cannon was not effective in dispersing people,100 although witnesses testimony and video evidence reveal that law enforcement officials used the water cannon for a very short time and only at the very front line of protestors.101 Use of teargas and rubber bulletsThe evidence available to Human Rights Watch strongly suggests that law enforcement officials did not fully exhaust the use of warnings and water cannons to disperse demonstrators before resorting to more severe methods of crowd dispersal, including use of more extreme force. When many protestors refused to clear the street after verbal warnings and a limited use of water cannons, riot police began to use force, initially firing teargas into the crowd and firing rubber (or plastic) bullets at demonstrators.102 They gave no warning that these methods would be used. In using teargas and rubber bullets simultaneously against protestors, the government failed to implement a measured escalation in its response to the demonstrators. That law enforcement officials were authorized or chose to use rubber bullets at all, when at most there was sporadic violence from few demonstrators, and most demonstrators fled quickly as a result of the overwhelming effects of the teargas, raises serious concerns. Because rubber bullets may in certain circumstances have lethal force, they must be treated for practical purposes as firearms. They should be used strictly in accordance with the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officers, which state that law enforcement officials must not use firearms against persons except in self-defence or defence of others against the imminent threat of death or serious injury.103 Human Rights Watch was not able to fully document injuries resulting from the use of rubber bullets. A detailed forensic examination into the number and type of injuries documented as a result of the use of rubber bullets should be a key aspect of the Georgian governments investigation into the use of force on November 7, as should accountability for those using and ordering the use of rubber bullets in a manner inconsistent with the UN guidelines.104 One witness who stood at the front of the demonstrators and had refused to move even after the official requests told Human Rights Watch that immediately after the water cannons were used, I saw [law enforcement officers] put on gas masks and I realized that they would use teargas. Without any announcement they began to shoot the gas canisters over my head [into the middle of the crowd].105 Paata Zakareishvili, a Republican Party activist and prominent political analyst, went to the demonstration with his wife and two children. He confirmed there were no warnings before teargas or rubber bullets were fired into the crowd. Another participant called the use of the teargas completely unexpected.106 People fled immediately in response to the teargas and rubber bullets. Many people panicked, and the atmosphere became chaotic as people ran in all directions,107 suffering burning eyes and throats and other effects of the teargas. Most people ran onto the side streets leading away from Rustaveli Avenue. Others sought shelter in the Parliament building, in the Kashueti Church, and in School No. 1. A Human Rights Watch representative who monitored the events saw that the large volumes of teargas left several hundred meters of Rustaveli Avenue almost completely covered in gas.108 Witnesses reported that the teargas caused the eyes, nose, and throat to burn severely and left many people nauseated and short of breath, often making it difficult for them to disperse.109 The Human Rights Watch representative and others witnessed many people vomiting, including many policemen who, unlike the riot police and other law enforcement officials, had not been given gas masks or any other gear to protect them from the teargas.110 The large number of demonstrators and limited exits for dispersal made it difficult for people to flee quickly, causing them to be further exposed to the large amounts of teargas. According to one witness, I ran to the small street in between Parliament and School No. 1. A large number of people also wanted to go up the same street, and it was packed. As a result, I could not run fast and had to breathe more of the gas. I fell down as I could not run.111 Former State Minister of Georgia Avtandil Jorbenadze, who is 56 years old, went to Rustaveli Avenue after seeing television footage of the events earlier that morning. He described to Human Rights Watch his experience:
The guards eventually opened the gates of Parliament to allow people inside, as the gas was accumulating in the doorway and causing people to become increasingly sick.113 Many people sought medical help after inhaling the gas, although most or all were treated and released after a few hours, including several children.114 Typically, the effects of nausea, vomiting, eye irritation, and difficulty breathing would last for one to two days.115 The Ministry of Interior did not name or identify the composition of the gas in any public statement, nor would it do so to Human Rights Watch.116 A statement posted on the Ministry of Interior website on November 7 stated only that the gas is widely used in crowd control in many countries and is not lethal.117 One official claimed that the Ministry of Interior had informed the Ministry of Health about the use of teargas, but claimed that no hospital requested information about the chemical composition of the teargas.118 A medical doctor interviewed by Human Rights Watch stated that it was a big mistake for the authorities not to make available information on the type or composition of the teargas that they planned to use. He said that ambulances on the scene and hospitals were unprepared to treat those suffering from the effects of the gas. 119 Many people already suffering from the effects of the teargas entered School No. 1 in search of breathable air. Law enforcement officials pursued demonstrators fleeing into the school. One witness told Human Rights Watch that the door of the school was too small to accommodate the large group of people trying to enter and in desperation some young men broke windows in order to enter the building.120 One witness reported that there was a large amount of gas in the school.121 During the operation on Rustaveli Avenue, law enforcement officials used long-range acoustic devices (LRAD), large round dishes that emit a strong, shrill noise that is apparently intended to disorient anyone within range of hearing it. Two police pickup trucks drove along Rustaveli Avenue equipped with these devices. The Human Rights Watch representative observing the events on Rustaveli Avenue described the noise as unbearable, and one witness stated that the unbearable noise very much contributed to the initial panic among protestors.122 Attacks on fleeing demonstratorsImmediately following the initial use of teargas and rubber bullets, the police line advanced along Rustaveli Avenue toward the dispersing protestors who were fleeing in all directions. The Ministry of Interior maintains that in only a few instances did police or riot police use violence against protestors, and that many small groups of demonstrators attacked policemen.123 Human Rights Watch could not confirm the attacks on policemen during this particular period of the events on Rustaveli Avenue; witnesses did not elaborate on this and none of the video and photographic evidence viewed by Human Rights Watch provides corroboration for the allegations. We did confirm, however, that dozens of individual law enforcement officials scattered to pursue protestors. In doing so, they also attacked and beat dozens of individuals, using truncheons, fists, and kicks. Some also shot rubber bullets at fleeing protestors at close range. Law enforcement officers attacked those demonstrators who continued to linger on Rustaveli Avenue, as well as those who were not able to flee or had already moved away from Rustaveli Avenue towards School No. 1, Parliament, the Kashueti church, or onto side streets. Witness testimony and video and photographic evidence confirm these attacks by police officers, riot police, and other law enforcement personnel on demonstrators and journalists. Nugzar N. told Human Rights Watch that immediately after riot police launched teargas into the crowd, he ran from Rustaveli Avenue and entered School No. 1, but quickly came out again because the gas inside was so thick that he could not breathe. As soon as he emerged from the school, Six policemen in yellow raincoats grabbed me and said, We saw you [supporting the opposition]. One of them hit me on the head with a truncheon. I was trying to run away. They dragged me across Rustaveli and said they wanted to take me to the police station, he told Human Rights Watch.124 Only when another policeman intervened on his behalf was Nugzar N. released. Nugzar N. found an ambulance nearby and was taken to hospital. He received several stitches in the top of his head, but did not suffer a concussion or any other physical injuries. Nugzar N., a law student, told Human Rights Watch that he will not file a complaint against the police who attacked him. I think that making a complaint would be in vain. I do not trust the judiciary in Georgia, he told Human Rights Watch.125 Vakho Komakhidze told Human Rights Watch that he, too, sought shelter in School No. 1 and immediately ran up the stairs to the second floor, where he stayed for several minutes. Looking out the window, he witnessed how five or six riot police in gas masks dragged a young man, about 25 years old, from the front of the school building and began to beat him: They threw him to the ground and kicked him. The man managed to stand up and appeared to beg that they stop beating him. Another policeman intervened [and the beating stopped]. But as soon as this policeman left, the others started beating the protestor again.126 Komakhidze left the school at that time and did not see what happened to the young man.127 Avtandil Jorbenadze had fled toward Parliament but as the gas cleared he returned to Rustaveli Avenue, where he was attacked by masked law enforcement officers. He told Human Rights Watch,
six or eight people attacked me. Unfortunately I fell down. They beat me very severely with sticks, fists, and kicks and continued to beat me even while I was down [on the ground]. Some people who came to assist me were also beaten. I think that when they saw that I was lying still, they stopped beating me.129 Photos show a crowd gathered around Jorbenadze as he lies on his side on the ground trying to protect his head and face with his hands and arms as law enforcement officers in black masks kicked him. Law enforcement officers said nothing to Jorbenadze during the attack and made no attempt to arrest him. As a result of the attack, Jorbenadze suffered a concussion, a broken finger on his right hand, and multiple contusions all over his body, including on the back of his head, on his neck, shoulders, sides, arms, and hands. His eyesight was affected for several days as a result of exposure to large amounts of teargas. He told Human Rights Watch that he did not file a complaint regarding his attack.130 Nino Soselia, a 60-year-old pensioner who is not affiliated with any political party, was attacked by law enforcement officials immediately following the initial use of teargas. Soselia had seen the protestors gathering while watching television. She told Human Rights Watch, I decided to go [to Rustaveli Avenue] because I wanted to be with my people.131 When she arrived, Soselia joined the crowd, standing near the corner of Rustaveli Avenue and Chichinadze Street, in front of School No. 1. She considered leaving the demonstration when she saw riot police arriving on Rustaveli Avenue, but other demonstrators persuaded her to stay:
Soselia did not immediately seek medical attention, but she had headaches and felt very ill, so on November 8 she went to hospital. She was diagnosed with head trauma and severe bruising. At the time of her interview with Human Rights Watch Soselia continued to complain of headaches, was bedridden, and had difficulty moving or sitting up in bed.133 Soselia witnessed policemen in yellow raincoats beating the teenage boy whom she had tried to protect. She told Human Rights Watch that a large number of policemen dragged the boy and other boys away. As she was being assisted and led away by other demonstrators, she also witnessed policemen beating others. Police even beat those who had fallen down and were helpless, including the elderly who had fallen down after being pushed by the waves of running people, she said.134 Nikoloz N., age 36, also described to Human Rights Watch the severe beating he received by several police officers near the April 9 Park:
Nikoloz N. received surgery on his lung. He also had severe bruising over much of his body and pain in his liver, kidney, and sides.136 One journalist who was covering the events on Rustaveli Avenue described an attack on an elderly woman on the steps of Parliament. This witness stated,
A Human Rights Watch representative also witnessed police beatings of demonstrators well after the area in front of Parliament had been cleared. He saw several groups of five or six policemen each beating demonstrators near the Kashueti church. At least two of the victims were lying on the ground while police kicked them. At least two witnesses described law enforcement officers use of rubber bullets against fleeing protestors. One of them, Giorgi Gotsiridze, an employee of the Ombudsmans Office, told Human Rights Watch, [After running from Rustaveli Avenue], I went behind Parliament to Chitadze Street. I saw about 100 protestors running, and they were being chased by riot police, shooting rubber bullets at their backs at close range. There were about 30 riot policemen. Several of them were shooting rubber bullets, directly aiming at the backs of fleeing people.138 Human Rights Watch received reports of several attacks on journalists covering the demonstrations and the police response on November 7.139 A Ministry of Interior official was quoted as saying that every officer had clear instructions not to touch journalists.140 After the first dispersal of protestors, law enforcement officers in black masks attacked Imedi journalist Levan Tabidze near School No. 1. He and his cameraman had sought shelter from the teargas by going into School No. 1 for about 15 minutes. When they left the school, Rustaveli Avenue had been mostly cleared of people, but Tabidze and his cameraman started filming riot police chasing fleeing protestors up Chichinadze Street between the school and Parliament. Tabidze told Human Right Watch,
Police did not attack the Imedi cameraman who was with Levan Tabidze at this time. The Ministry of Interior denied that there were attacks on fleeing demonstrators. When asked about the approved use of a truncheon, a senior Ministry of Interior official told Human Rights Watch that truncheons are used only as a defensive weapon by riot police attempting to maintain a police line.142 When asked about the wooden stick that was used by a law enforcement officer to attack Avtandil Jorbenadze, a senior Ministry of Interior official denied that such a stick is part of the approved equipment for riot police or others engaged in crowd dispersal. He stated that any object of that description was probably a flag pole taken from the flags being carried by the demonstrators.143 Other witnesses described seeing law enforcement officers wielding these wooden sticks and using them as weapons.144 During the operation many law enforcement officials used highly intimidating and threatening language, mainly directed against Badri Patarkatsishvili, apparently because of his financial support for some opposition parties. When attacking Imedi journalist Levan Tabidze, phrases used by law enforcement officers indicated they were targeting him because he was employed by Imedi, which was founded by Patarkatsishvili. Video footage shows law enforcement agents in all black marching on Rustaveli Avenue chanting, in the military style of a rhyming question and response, What [do we have] for Badri? [Were gonna] fuck Badris mother! This kind of language directed against a person with strong links to Georgian opposition parties is deliberately threatening and intimidating to anyone who would wish to support the political opposition or participate in opposition-organized public demonstrations. The violent dispersal of protestors on Rustaveli Avenue, from the Marriott Hotel to Republican SquareAfter the dispersal of people on Rustaveli Avenue in front of Parliament, as described above, some riot police, police in yellow raincoats, and other law enforcement personnel walked along Rustaveli Avenue in front of Parliament and others pursued demonstrators and beat many. Further down Rustaveli Avenue in the direction of Republican Square, a line of riot police stretched across the avenue in front of the Marriott Hotel Tbilisi. This cordon had apparently been established to protect from behind the riot police and other law enforcement officials engaged in the dispersal of the demonstrators in front of Parliament. Very soon after the riot police started dispersing the demonstrators in front of Parliament, crowds began to gather along Rustaveli from the direction of Republican Square and approached this rear guard of riot police, who turned to face them. The crowd most likely consisted of some of the same demonstrators who had been dispersed from the front of Parliament and had circled around using small side streets to reach Rustaveli Avenue again as well as additional demonstrators just arriving from the direction of Republican Square. As the crowd continued to gather, the front lines of protestors moved directly to the line of riot police, separated by only a few meters. Photographic evidence shows protestors damaging a police car on Rustaveli Avenue, near the Drama and Ballet Theatre. A few protestors threw stones and swore at police, although some witnesses reported that other demonstrators attempted to subdue those who were acting aggressively.145 Otherwise, most demonstrators were not aggressive. Around 1:15 p.m., opposition leaders made their way to Rustaveli Avenue. Tinatin Khidasheli told Human Rights Watch that she and other opposition leaders sensed the crowd might press forward into the police line and so used a megaphone to tell people to stop moving forward.146 Paata Zakarieshvili confirmed this, saying people were moving toward the riot police and were cursing and yelling. He said he and several opposition leaders stood between demonstrators and the riot police. Zakarieshvili told Human Rights Watch, This was a very nervous situation. We stood like this for maybe about 10 minutes. We really didnt want people to clash with police.147 Khidasheli stated that she spoke with the riot police on the front line and explained to them that the crowd would not act against them.148 At approximately 1:30-1:45 p.m. riot police started to push forward into the demonstrators. They again fired a volley of teargas into the crowd and opened fire against demonstrators using rubber bullets. Multiple witnesses told Human Rights Watch that no warning was given.149 Tinatin Khidasheli, who was standing at the front of the crowd, told Human Rights Watch that a teargas canister hit a tree branch above her and both the branch and the tear gas canister fell down on her, knocking her unconscious. Others later told her that after she collapsed, law enforcement officials in black masks kicked her. I dont know what happened, she said, But I am covered in bruises on my back and legs.150 Khidasheli also had a severe allergic reaction to the teargas, which engulfed her. The Human Rights Watch representative witnessed how following the launching of the teargas and rubber bullets, many protestors fled. However, several hundred people continued to linger on Rustaveli Avenue, and, because the wind blew much of the teargas back towards the riot police maintaining the cordon across Rustaveli, the air would clear and demonstrators would again steadily advance toward the riot police line. Ambulances standing along Rustaveli Avenue amidst the protestors had handed out surgical masks to help people cope with the teargas. Several witnesses confirmed that protestors retaliated against the police at this point.151 According to one witness, The protestors cursed the police and yelled, What are you doing? Why are you beating people? Some protestors threw the teargas canisters back at the riot police. Others threw whatever was at hand: rocks or pieces of brick from the sidewalk [which was under repair].152 Meanwhile, other law enforcement officers again pursued the protestors who fled. Some continued to fire teargas canisters at people who fled while others swung truncheons and attacked individual protestors. One witness said that he ran into the courtyard of a building off of Rustaveli Avenue and sought shelter in a small shed located in the yard. He told Human Rights Watch,
As had happened previously, law enforcement officials, particularly those in black masks, pursued the fleeing demonstrators and beat them. Among those beaten was Georgias ombudsman, Sozar Subari, who had arrived on Rustaveli Avenue at approximately 10 a.m. and was monitoring the demonstration and police response. In an interview with Human Rights Watch, Subari described the attack:
Subari did not seek medical attention, but he complained of bruising on his back, shoulders, sides, arms, and legs.155 Human Rights Watch representatives documented extensive bruising on Subaris legs. Another official from the Ombudsmans Office told Human Rights Watch, I saw three or four police in black masks beating a man. He was 45 to 50 years old. He fell and they continued to beat him with truncheons and started kicking him. Ive never seen anything like this in my life.156 Another witness told Human Rights Watch that he saw men he described as special forces pursuing demonstrators down Rustaveli Avenue. I was standing [on the edge of the street] and I saw how they attacked several people with truncheons. There were even women. The women started cursing them and saying, We are your daughters and your mothers.157 Paata Zakareishvili, who fled from Rustaveli Avenue, told Human Rights Watch that the police pursued him and others and shot rubber bullets and teargas canisters as the demonstrators fled.158 The violent dispersal of protestors at RikeCrowds assembleAlthough some people left Rustaveli Avenue following the second attack on protestors, witnesses reported that the majority of the crowd seemed unwilling to completely disperse. Opposition leaders took a decision to encourage everyone to go to Rike (pronounced REE-khay), a large open area several kilometers from the Parliament building and located on the other side of the Mtkvari River, which flows through the center of Tbilisi. Rike is a partly paved and partly grassy area that is regularly used for drivers education classes and had been used in the past for large concerts. It is approximately 500 meters long (from north to south) and 200 meters wide (from west to east) with a large rock outcrop rising directly on the eastern side. It is accessed by the Baratashvili Bridge and the Metekhi Bridge from the western (river) side and by three roads rising steeply on the east side on either side of the outcrop. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of demonstrators walked from Rustaveli Avenue to Rike, and several thousand more joined this group at Rike. Because the government has claimed that opposition leaders were calling for the crowd to march to Parliament it is important to describe the setting of this demonstration. According to one witness, at Rike, Opposition leaders gathered on a stage-like structure on one side of Rike, with their backs to the River and addressed the crowd through a single megaphone.159 Giorgi Khaindrava, who was among the opposition leaders addressing the crowd, told Human Rights Watch, We only had one megaphone, so what really could we say to people? Opposition leaders made a few short speeches. We didnt know what to do. We were talking to each other about what to do.160 Video footage shows Dato Berdzenishvili, a member of Parliament from the Republican Party, saying to the crowd, Speaker of Parliament Nino Burjanadze requests a meeting [with us] in her office, to which the crowd responds, No! No! Zviad Dzidziguri, a Conservative Party member of Parliament, shouts, "We will wait for another hour for the entire Georgia at Rike and we know what we will do then," but does not elaborate as to what, specifically, will be done.161 One witness reported that a prayer was read at one point by someone on the stage.162 According to other witnesses in the crowd at Rike, few people could actually hear what was being said by the opposition leaders, as the sound from the megaphone did not carry very far.163 By approximately 5:00-5:15 p.m., approximately 40 minutes to one hour after protestors began to arrive at Rike, thousands of people had assembled. Witness estimates of the number of people present varied widely, but a Ministry of Interior official stated that there were up to 10,000 people at Rike and most of them were very angry and were young and unemployed. Many had criminal records. He also claimed that initially unarmed patrol police were present at Rike before any operation to disperse protestors took place and that some demonstrators started attacking these policemen without any provocation.164 Human Rights Watch could not confirm this from witnesses or photographic or video evidence. Police arriveMultiple witnesses told Human Rights Watch that some time around 5:15 p.m. they saw large numbers of law enforcement officers arrive at Rike from multiple directions almost simultaneously. Two large military trucks full of men in camouflage uniforms, who appeared to be soldiers, parked along the Left Embankment, which runs along the river side of Rike.165 A few hundred police or other law enforcement agents in yellow raincoats and armed with truncheons approached Rike from across the Metekhi Bridge followed by others dressed all in black and behind them a few rows of riot police in full gear.166 At the same time, several lines of riot police approached Rike by crossing the Baratashvili Bridge accompanied by a blue and white police vehicle equipped with a water cannon.167 A journalist who was on Baratashvili Bridge at the time estimated that there were over 500 law enforcement officers crossing the bridge. She also told Human Rights Watch that other law enforcement officers followed the riot police, including men in jeans and black coats, men all in black, and men in camouflage all wearing black masks, as well as others in yellow raincoats.168 Police disperse and attack the crowdAs riot police and others approached from the Baratashvili Bridge, they effectively blocked access to the bridge and to Baratashvili Rise. As they continued onto Rike they also blocked the Left Embankment.169 They moved steadily at first but then moved quickly towards the crowd and began firing water cannons, teargas, and rubber bullets into the crowd. The government claims that they issued warnings for people to disperse for approximately 15 minutes.170 However, witnesses consistently described the actions of the riot police coming across the Baratashvili Bridge and confirmed that they did not hear any demands for the crowd to disperse or any warnings that force would be used.171 One witness who was in the center of Rike near the stage described the approach of the riot police: We had been at Rike for about 30 minutes. Some people started to scream. We saw special forces coming across the Baratashvili Bridge. A huge wall of special forces with shields came towards us. People began to panic [and cried], Where do we go? [Riot police] had already begun shooting tear gas and rubber bullets.172 Another witness stated, The special forces came from all sides; they were surrounding people [and] shot water and teargas at us.173 Other witnesses told Human Rights Watch that [t]here were rubber bullets going in all directions. There were huge numbers of bullets,174 and that Rike was almost completely covered in gas.175 Seeing the riot police coming from the Baratashvili Bridge side of Rike, most demonstrators, the majority of them running, began to head in the direction of the Metekhi Bridge and the Wine Rise and the Metekhi Rise, two small streets that sharply ascend away from the traffic circle, called Europe Square, at the south end of Rike.176 Some demonstrators stood briefly with their hands up to show that they were unarmed. Riot police continued to shoot gas and rubber bullets at the fleeing demonstrators.177 Witnesses consistently described the panic and fear that they felt when riot police approached them using force, particularly given the lack of exits for them to leave Rike. Although the Ministry of Interior maintains that the goal of the operation was to disperse people,178 the absence of easily accessible exits created a strong sense for the demonstrators of being surrounded. One said, We were trapped. People panicked. People already had the experience of being dispersed on Rustaveli.179 Another witness told Human Rights Watch, People started to run, but we were in a sack. [It seemed] there was nowhere to run. 180 Another stated, People were so shocked. We felt there was no escape, and described some people jumping into a small boat docked on the bank of the river. The captain shouted at people Dont jump! The boat will sink! but people didnt have anywhere else to go, he said.181 Some 100-150 protestors rushed into the group of police coming across the Metekhi Bridge apparently in an attempt to flee Rike. Initially, most police retreated across Metekhi Bridge, and some people managed to flee across the bridge. Law enforcement forces quickly regrouped on Metekhi Bridge and again advanced on the crowd at Rike.182 At Rike many witnesses reported numerous confrontations between protestors and law enforcement agents. This happened particularly near and on the Metekhi Bridge, in some instances as people attempted to flee in that direction,183 as well as on the Left Embankment.184 In addition to a number of individual fist fights, some groups of young men attacked policemen or law enforcement agents who had separated from the police lines.185 The Ministry of Interior also states that demonstrators threw stones at police vehicles.186 Widely distributed television footage shows a group of about 20 young men attacking a young law enforcement agent in camouflage uniform. Some others appear to try to assist the young man by calling off the attackers, although their intentions are not entirely clear. The video shows that the young mans face is bloodied, and he runs from his attackers along the underpass under Metekhi Bridge.187 As had happened earlier in the day on and near Rustaveli Avenue, riot police and other law enforcement agents also attacked demonstrators, often without provocation. Almost as soon as riot police began firing teargas and rubber bullets into the crowd, they also began chasing people and attacking them with truncheons or one-meter wooden sticks, and punching and kicking them. The Ministry of Interior claims that law enforcement officers chased individuals only as necessary to disperse them.188 Gela Nikoleishvili, who sought shelter in his car which was parked at Rike, reported seeing approximately 20-30 separate incidents in which individual law enforcement officers or small groups of them attacked individual protestors. He told Human Rights Watch, They beat mostly men, but they didnt really distinguish. People were swearing at the police. The police beat people with large flashlights and truncheons.189 Nana Kakabadze, who was in the car with Gela Nikoleishvili, described one particular attack:
As people fled Rike by moving up the small Metekhi Rise and Wine Rise streets, police continued to pursue them, firing rubber bullets and teargas and beating those whom they could catch.191 Vakho Komakhidze fled in the crowd along Wine Rise toward the Avlabari metro station. He told Human Rights Watch,
Video evidence also shows law enforcement officers attacking demonstrators with truncheons and pursuing fleeing protestors with rubber bullets and teargas.193 Police also broke the windows of parked cars, and in at least one case broke the windows of a vehicle and beat the young man who was sitting inside.194 Police attacked a journalist and cameraman filming the events at Rike. Imedi journalist Natia Mikiashvili and her cameraman were on the Baratashvili Bridge filming the law enforcement officers making their way towards Rike. She told Human Rights Watch,
Law enforcement officers continued to patrol Rike and to mobilize at the Avlabari metro station, along the small streets near the metro station, and above Rike. Many people fled towards the Sameba (Holy Trinity) Cathedral, and several hundred sought shelter in the church and in its yard for many hours.196 By 7:30 p.m. the operation to disperse demonstrators from Rike was over,197 but people remained afraid to leave the cathedral grounds, as there were rumors that police were waiting to attack or detain people who left Sameba.198 The Ministry of Interior maintains that certain opposition leaders planned a march from Rike back to Parliament, making it necessary to disperse the crowd.199 Opposition leaders deny that this was their intention. They maintain that they encouraged demonstrators to gather at Rike specifically to move demonstrators away from government institutions and eliminate further confrontation with law enforcement officers intending to open streets. According to Paata Zakareishvili, the opposition leaders chose Rike as a gathering place because it is an open space, it is not near any government buildings, and there are no through streets that demonstrators could obstruct.200 No opposition leaders were arrested at Rike or subsequently for making calls to attack Parliament. Assault and Kidnapping of Koba DavitashviliAfter opposition leaders had decided to assemble at Rike, Peoples Party leader Koba Davitashvili volunteered to go to the Eliava market before going to Rike to buy necessary equipment for them to set up a sound system. Davitashvili described to Human Rights Watch in detail the attack he suffered as he attempted to purchase the equipment:
Davitashvili was essentially held in custody at the Gori Military Hospital for two days. He was diagnosed with a concussion and received four stitches in his head. He also suffered severe bruising over much of his body. He was not allowed to leave the hospital, use his mobile phone, or make a phone call, but with the help of some members of the hospital staff, Davitashvili made a few clandestine phone calls, including to the speaker of Parliament, Nino Burjanadze. According to Davitashvili, Burjanadze secured his release from the hospital on November 8, by speaking with the minister of defense. Although Davitashvili stated that immediately after his arrival the Gori Military Hospital submitted the necessary documentation describing the nature of his wound to the Gori police, he was questioned only on November 14, one week after his attack and kidnapping. Although he claimed to be recovering very quickly and to be in high spirits, Human Rights Watch representatives interviewing Davitashvili documented extensive bruising to his right eye more than a week after his assault and kidnapping. 202 Irakli I., who was at Eliava market on November 7, confirmed that seven or eight men in black clothing pulled Davitashvili out of a shop and beat him as they dragged him toward the entrance of the market. He attempted to assist Davitashvili, and told Human Rights Watch, I followed Koba and the attackers. I begged them to stop, but they wouldnt let me get close to Koba. Then, at one point, Koba fell down. I could see that he had fallen on his face on the pavement. A small pool of blood formed around his head, Irakli I. told Human Rights Watch. Irakli I. also witnessed how the men put Koba into a white van without windows and drove away.203 The Special Operation to Close Imedi TelevisionThroughout the day on November 7, all major television stations including Rustavi 2, Imedi, and Mze as well as other stations, broadcast footagemuch of it liveof the demonstrations on Rustaveli Avenue and Rike and the governments attempts to disperse protestors. Although in numerous incidents law enforcement officials interfered with the work of journalists, none of the television stations were prohibited from broadcasting extensive footage. However, at approximately 8:45 p.m., without warning and without possession of a court order, hundreds of troops armed with automatic weapons forcefully entered the Imedi television station, detained at least 300 Imedi staff members and several members of Parliament preparing for an upcoming live broadcast, and forced the station off the air.204 According to Lewis Robertson, CEO of Imedi television, who was at Imedi during the raid, [Special forces] did not present a warrant; neither did they offer any explanation.205 Robertson stated that had an official warrant come to Imedi at any time, We would have turned off the TV station immediately. We, Imedi and News Corporation, obey laws. We are a business and we do not break laws.206 Special forces entering the Imedi studios were heavily armed, and many sought to intimidate journalists. In a press interview immediately following the raid, Imedi General Director Bidzina Baratashvili stated that the troops forced Imedi staff members onto the floor and made them put their hands behind their heads. He also stated, Some [special forces] are behaving in a very restrained manner, but one of them promised to put a bullet in my forehead.207 Human Rights Watch interviewed several journalists present in the Imedi station when the raid took place who similarly described the actions of special forces troops. Maia Asatiani, who worked as a journalist for the analytical show Droeba [Times], was in the basement cafeteria when the special forces stormed into the building. She described the raid to Human Rights Watch:
Twenty-three-year-old Anna Gochiashvili was working in the studio, located on the second floor, when the raid started. As she recalled,
Video footage shows the two evening news anchors, Levan Javakhishvili and Sopo Mosidze, announcing that the building had been raided by special forces. They glance upwards several times, apparently watching special forces standing at the windows on the third floor that overlook the studio. They are silent for many seconds, apparently uncertain about what is happening or what to say to viewers.210 Gochiashvili described what happened to her next:
Giorgi Targamadze, Droeba anchor and head of Imedis political programming, also described the events to Human Rights Watch:
Video footage shows Targamadze enter the studio and the two anchors leave the news desk. He describes the raid on the television station and then says, I really hope, really do hope that they will not attack people physically. But there is loud noise at the television station and something terrible is happening. So far we are still on the air, but the guests have arrived. Goodbye, and dont worry. Everything will be all right.213 He glances upwards towards the windows from the third floor which overlook the studio several times.214
Targamadze told Human Rights Watch that there appeared to be conflicting orders about whether to release him. Eventually he was allowed to go home in his car.216 After forcing the journalists out of the building, special forces troops destroyed much of Imedis television equipment and its video archive. In an interview with EurasiaNet, Andrew Butcher, a spokesman for News Corp., said, Every piece of electrical equipment was smashed or broken We estimate the extent of damage is so severe it will take at least three months to become operational again Everythings down; TV, radio, internet there simply isnt the equipment to do anything.217 Photographs and video taken by mobile phone and widely distributed on the internet show equipment toppled and broken in at least two station rooms.218 Georgian officials deny that any equipment was destroyed.219
The Violent Dispersal of Imedi Journalists and Supporters Outside of Imedi TelevisionImedi supporters assembleAs the raid on Imedi took place, several dozen people gathered outside of the side and main gates to the property where the Imedi studios and are situated. Many of them were friends and relatives of Imedi journalists who had witnessed the raid on live television. Others were simply Imedi supporters. Television video footage shows some of those gathered outside of the side gate on Akhmeteli Street pulling on the gate and some of them shouting at the law enforcement officers amassed in the courtyard.220 Rustavi 2 television footage also shows a police attack on one of the men who had been standing outside the Imedi studio gates. The video shows him in a crowd of patrol police who are in gray pants and yellow raincoats with Police written on the back; some are wearing surgical masks. Two policemen raise their truncheons and strike the man two or three times. The man starts to run away, but police follow him. One policeman catches up to him and punches the man on the back of the head, causing him to fall down. Two other policemen also begin to attack the fallen man, one of them by kicking him. The man makes one attempt to kick at a policeman, but then curls into a fetal position with his hands and arms protecting his head and face. One policeman kicks him while another strikes him aggressively with a truncheon on the mans side and hip several times. Another man, apparently a civilian, runs over and lies on top of the fallen man in order to protect him from the police. One police officer begins to punch this second man in the back and kidneys repeatedly. Another policeman punches the two men on the ground and yet another strikes them with a truncheon. A third man, again apparently another civilian, comes to protect the first two on the ground. At the same time a police officer steps in and stops the others engaged in the beating from continuing and encourages them and others to step away. People are seen shouting at police and others are trying to assist the fallen man. Altogether there were at least five or six policeman engaged in the beating and at least 12 other policeman watching. The attack lasted approximately 30 seconds.221 The attack on Lubliana StreetMany journalists and Imedi staff members who had been forced to leave the Imedi studios building went initially to the gate on Akhmeteli Street. Some Imedi journalists spoke with people in the crowd on the other side of the gate and some gave interviews to a Rustavi 2 journalist and others. However, they were not allowed to leave through this gate. Law enforcement officers redirected them to the main gate on Lubliana Street, where only a few people, including friends and relatives of Imedi journalists and staff members, had gathered.222 Imedi journalists and others stood outside of the gate for a brief period and spoke with those gathered, and then some of them started walking down Lubliana Street. Imedi journalists interviewed by Human Rights Watch consistently said that Lubliana Street was usually well lit at night but on that evening it was completely dark, and there were numerous ambulances parked on the street, leaving little room.223 Anna Gochiashvili said that she had spoken to her father using the mobile phone of a bystander gathered outside of the main gate and was on her way to meet him. As she turned to walk down Lubliana Street, without warning, an unknown number of riot police who had gathered at the end of the street started making their way towards the small group of people gathered outside of the Imedi studio gate. They shot rubber bullets and launched teargas canisters at the group. Gochiashvili told Human Rights Watch, During my stay in the [Imedi] building during the raid I was not scared for a second, but when this happened, I really became very scared. And everyone started to panic.224 One group of journalists and others ran down Lubliana Street away from the approaching riot police, and another group ran away from the Imedi property across Lubliana Street into an empty lot. Riot police pursued people down Lubliana Street, continuing to shoot rubber bullets and teargas. According to Anna Gochiashvili, a young woman who had been an intern at Imedi was hit in the head by a rubber bullet at close range. The young woman fell to her knees, and as a man reached down to help her, a policeman hit him on the head with a truncheon.225 Gochiashvili and others continued to run down Lubliana Street with the young woman and took her into the nearby Iashvili Childrens Hospital, where she waited until her relatives came to take her home.226 Inga Grigolia, anchor of the Reaktsia [Reaction] program, also stood among the group outside the Imedi gate on Lubliana Street. She and some of her colleagues started to walk down Lubliana Street, hoping to join the people gathered on Akhmeteli Street. She told Human Rights Watch,
Natia Mikiashvili came out of the Imedi main gate after special forces had already begun approaching. She told Human Rights Watch,
When an acquaintance in the police force came out of the main gate and Mikiashvili asked him for help, he escorted her from the main gate and Mikiashvili found a neighbor to take her away. Maia Asatiani was also outside the Imedi studios main gate on Lubliana Street after the raid. She described seeing a huge number of riot police coming towards them, and told Human Rights Watch,
The Ministry of Interior claims that it was necessary to disperse the crowd gathered outside of Imedi so that they would not create further problems.230 There was the danger that it would not be possible to control them and they would march on government buildings, said Shota Khizanishvili, chief of staff for the Ministry of Interior.231 Khizanishvili flatly denied that there were any attacks on the journalists leaving the Imedi studios courtyard.232
Injuries Sustained by Demonstrators and Law Enforcement AgentsThe Georgian Ministry of Health reported on November 7 that 508 people were treated for injuries, some of them serious, as a result of the days events.233 The Office of the Ombudsman maintains that the number of people who sought medical attention on November 7 and on subsequent days was much higher. Human Rights Watch could not gain comprehensive information regarding the types of injuries sustained or medical treatment rendered. However, Dr. Levan Labauri visited three hospitals on the evening of November 7 and told Human Rights Watch the types of injuries he documented in those institutions; his descriptions provide some indication about the numbers and types of injuries. Hospitals supposedly maintained lists of all patients admitted for injuries sustained during the demonstrations, although in at least one case a hospital reluctantly registered a woman as having sustained injuries during the demonstration only after she insisted repeatedly that they do so. City Hospital No. 1 reported to Dr. Labauri that at least 38 patients with injuries sustained during the demonstrations were admitted. Dr. Labauri described seeing four patients who sustained injuries caused by trauma from an unknown source that hospital doctors had difficulty explaining. Dr. Archil Talakvadze from the Office of the Ombudsman also described the same patients to Human Rights Watch.234 One patient believes that a gas canister exploded on the ground near him and the pressure and the debris from the exploding capsule caused the severe damage to his knee. A complex surgery will be necessary and the patient may face amputation or serious risk of other disability. Two other victims sustained broken leg bones apparently by the same trauma and one a fracture of a finger on his right hand. A Ministry of Interior official told Human Rights Watch that one law enforcement officer, whom he described as a riot policeman, received knife wounds to his stomach and thigh and received surgery.235 The stabbing occurred during the clashes at Rike. Dr. Labauri described a case of an officer with incision wounds who underwent surgery in City Hospital No. 1. The officer told officials from the Ombudsmans Office that he was from the special forces of the penitentiary department.236 At Central University Hospital, more than 350 people had been admitted after participating in the demonstrations. Here there were mostly light wounds, including bruises, cuts, light bleeding, and affects of teargas. One patient with serious injuriesa ruptured liver and serious injuries to his abdomen and headwas admitted to the intensive care unit. He underwent neurosurgery and was in a coma sustained on life support. At the pediatric hospital, six children were treated and released for poisoning by an unidentified gas. A colleague of Dr. Labauri reported that the Mikhailov hospital treated 120 outpatient cases and one individual with chest trauma. The Gudushauri hospital admitted fourthree law enforcement officers and one demonstratorin serious condition.237 Investigations into the Events of November 7The General Prosecutors Office stated that several criminal investigations had been opened with respect to the events of November 7. The Tbilisi Main Division of the Ministry of the Interior opened a criminal investigation into the alleged physical assault on Ombudsman Sozar Subari, and both questioned him and conducted a forensic medical exam on November 24, 2007.238 Although the investigation was opened in response to a television interview during which Sobari accused law enforcement officials of attacking him, a Ministry of Interior division, rather than the prosecutors office, is overseeing the investigation, suggesting a presumption that a citizen rather than a police official was involved: Georgian law states specifically that departments of the Ministry of Interior shall not be responsible for investigating cases of alleged crimes committed by police and provides for exclusive jurisdiction of the prosecution service in investigating such crimes.239 On November 8, 2007, the Tbilisi City Prosecutors Office opened an investigation into alleged participation in mass disorder on November 7, 2007. According to the General Prosecutors Office, On the basis of the investigation around 37 individuals were arrested as suspects in the criminal case on November 13-14. The relevant investigative measures further identified that the conduct of 30 persons did not involve criminal elements. Criminal charges against 30 of them were dismissed, and 28 were subjected to administrative, or misdemeanor, proceedings. Charges were brought against seven individuals for participation in mass disorder. Two were released on bail and five were remanded to pretrial detention.240
The General Prosecutors Office claims that administrative charges were brought against 75 people under articles 166(petty hooliganism) and 173 (disobedience to the lawful order/request of the representative of law enforcement organs) of the Code of Administrative Violations. Fifty-four people were fined for administrative violations in the amount of 100-400 lari (US$57-227) and 21 were given administrative detention of up to 30 days.241
The Zveli Tbilisi District Prosecutors Office opened an investigation into the alleged physical abuse of protesters on November 7, 2007. The case was transferred to the Tbilisi City Prosecutors Office on November 10. The General Prosecutors Office supplied information regarding only 12 cases of alleged abuse, all of which had been forwarded by the Office of the Ombudsman to the General Prosecutors Office. Despite the fact that one of the victims of alleged assault by law enforcement agents remains in the Republican Hospital in the intensive care unit as a result of injuries, the investigation was only opened under article Article 118 (3) of the Criminal Code intentionally inflicting less serious injury.242 No law enforcement officers have been charged in connection with the events on November 7 and none has been suspended pending the investigation.243 Human Rights Watch has received reports of law enforcement agents detaining numerous demonstrators in the days and weeks since November 7, often identifying them by photographs or video. Most were charged with administrative violations.244 42 Human Rights Watch interview with Tinatin Khidasheli, Tbilisi, November 12, 2007. 43 Human Rights Watch interview with Bidzina Gegidze, Tbilisi, November 14, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Dato D., Tbilisi, November 14, 2007. 44 Human Rights Watch interview with Bidzina Gegidze, November 14, 2007. 45 Although on previous days garbage trucks had arrived to clean up the garbage left by protestors, the number of trucks on November 7 seemed disproportionate given the number of protestors remaining. Human Rights Watch interview with Tinatin Khidasheli, November 12, 2007; Human Rights Watch interview with Bidzina Gegidze, November 14, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Dato D., November 14, 2007. 46 One witness claimed that the policemen came from inside the Rustaveli Cinema. Human Rights Watch could not confirm this. Human Rights Watch interview with Bidzina Gegidze, November 14, 2007. 47 Human Rights Watch interview with Dato D., November 14, 2007. 48 Human Rights Watch interview with Bidzina Gegidze, November 14, 2007. 49 Ibid.; Human Rights Watch interview with Tinatin Khidasheli, November 12, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Dato D., November 14, 2007. 50 Human Rights Watch interview with Dato D., November 14, 2007. 51 Ibid.; Human Rights Watch interview with Tinatin Khidasheli, November 12, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Bidzina Gegidze, November 14, 2007. 52 Human Rights Watch interview with Tinatin Khidasheli, November 12, 2007. 53 Human Rights Watch interview with Bidzina Gegidze, November 14, 2007. 54 Human Rights Watch interview with Dato D. (pseudonym), November 14, 2007. 55 Human Rights Watch interview with Tinatin Khidasheli, November 12, 2007. 56 Human Rights Watch interview with Bidzina Gegidze, November 14, 2007. 57 Ibid., and Human Rights Watch interview with Tinatin Khidasheli, November 12, 2007. 58 Human Rights Watch interview with Dato D., November 14, 2007. 59 Police took the equipment, together with the sound equipment the demonstrators had used and was also on the steps of Parliament that morning, into the nearby Rustaveli Cinema, across from Parliament on Rustaveli Avenue. Human Rights Watch interview with Dato D., November 14, 2007. 60 Human Rights Watch interview with Dato D., November 14, 2007. 61 Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Khaindrava, Tbilisi, November 16, 2007. 62 Human Rights Watch interview with Gela Nikoleishvili, Tbilisi, November 14, 2007. 63 Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Khaindrava, November 16, 2007. 64 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Utiashvili, November 15, 2007. 65 Human Rights Watch interview with Bedzina Gegidze, November 14, 2007. 66 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, head of administration, Ministry of Interior, November 29, 2007. 67 Police Break up Rally; Opposition Vows to Keep Protesting, Civil Georgia, November 7, 2007, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=16211 (accessed November 29, 2007). 68 Human Rights Watch interview with Tinatin Khidasheli, November 12, 2007. 69 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Utiashvili, November 15, 2007. 70 Riot Police Disperse Protesters, Civil Georgia, November 7, 2007, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=16218 (accessed December 4, 2007). 71 Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, Tbilisi, November 12, 2007. 72 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007; also photos and video on file with Human Rights Watch. 73 Human Rights Watch interview with Tinatin Khidasheli, November 12, 2007. 74 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Utiashvili, November 15, 2007. 75 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Khaindrava, Office of the Ombudsman, Tbilisi, November 13, 2007. 76 Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007. 77 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007. 78 Human Rights Watch interview with Nugzar N., Tbilisi, November 12, 2007. 79 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Khaindrava, November 13, 2007. 80 Ibid.; and Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007. 81 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Khaindrava, November 13, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007. 82 Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Nugzar N., November 12, 2007. 83 Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007. 84 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007. 85 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Utiashvili, November 15, 2007. 86 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007. 87 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Utiashvili, November 15, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007. 88 Human Rights Watch interview with Dr. Levan Labauri, MD, assistant of the Patients Rights Center, United Nations Development Programme, and assistant professor, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, November 15, 2007. 89 Human Rights Watch interview with Maia Baiaromelashvili, Office of the Ombudsman, Tbilisi, November 14, 2007. 90 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Utiashvili, November 15, 2007. 91 Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007. 92 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Khaindrava, November 13, 2007; Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007; and photos and video on file with Human Rights Watch. 93 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Khaindrava, November 13, 2007. 94 Photos and video on file with Human Rights Watch. 95 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Khaindrava, November 13, 2007. 96 Human Rights Watch interview with Nugzar N., November 12, 2007. 97 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Utiashvili, November 15, 2007. 98 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Khaindrava, November 13, 2007; Human Rights Watch interview with Nugzar N., November 12, 2007; and video on file with Human Rights Watch. 99 Human Rights Watch interview with Nugzar N., November 12, 2007; and video and photographs on file with Human Rights Watch. 100 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Utiashvili, November 15, 2007. 101 Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Nugzar N., November 12, 2007. 102 It is beyond the scope of Human Rights Watchs investigative capacity to determine the exact ammunition that was used against demonstrators. Both rubber bullets and the less lethal plastic bullets have been used by governments as a means of crowd dispersal. For the purposes of this report, we will use the more common rubber bullets, when describing the ammunition used by law enforcement officers. 103 See Amnesty International, Amnesty International calls for full transparency in UNMIK inquiry into deaths of Mon Balaj and Arbën Xheladini, AI Index: EUR 70/002/2007 (Public), February 15, 2007, http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR700022007 (accessed December 7, 2007).; and UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officers, principle 9. 104 The use of plastic and rubber bullets as a means of crowd control has caused controversy worldwide. One territory with extensive history in the use of plastic bullets as a means of public order control is Northern Ireland, where the large number of deaths and injuries arising from their use has led to an inquiry with the aim of eliminating their use. The Patten Commission in Northern Ireland, which conducted the most extensive review of policing practices ever (A New Beginning: Policing in Northern Ireland: The Report of the Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland, September 1999), supported a call for the use of plastic bullets to be discontinued as soon as possible." The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission has also called for their use to be discontinued, and in October 2002 the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child recommended that plastic baton rounds be abolished as a means of riot control in the United Kingdom. 105 Human Rights Watch interview with Nugzar N., November 12, 2007. 106 Human Rights Watch interview with Paata Zakareishvili, Tbilisi, November 13, 2007; Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Nugzar N., November 12, 2007. 107 Human Rights Watch interview with Maia Baiaromelashvili, November 14, 2007. 108 Also photos and video on file with Human Rights Watch. 109 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Khaindrava, November 13, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Gotsiridze, chief specialist, Office of the Ombudsman, Tbilisi, November 14, 2007. The Human Rights Watch representative monitoring the demonstrations experienced these same effects. 110 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Khaindrava, November 13, 2007. 111 Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Gotsiridze, November 14, 2007. 112 Human Rights Watch interview with Avtandil Jorbenadze, Tbilisi, November 13, 2007. 113 Human Rights Watch interview with Paata Zakareishvili, November 13, 2007. 114 Human Rights Watch interview with Dr. Levan Labauri, November 15, 2007. 115 Ibid. 116 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Utiashvili, November 15, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007. 117 During the dispersal of the rally tear gas was used. [This tear gas] is always used in similar cases by law enforcement agencies in every country. The aforementioned gas does not cause danger to the life and health of human beings. Ministry of Interior of Georgia statement, November 7, 2007, http://www.police.ge/en/curview.aspx?newsid=30467&categoryid=1 (accessed December 2, 2007). 118 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007. 119 Human Rights Watch interview with Dr. Levan Labauri, November 15, 2007. 120 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Khaindrava, November 13, 2007. 121 Human Rights Watch interview with Nugzar N., November 12, 2007. 122 Human Rights Watch interview with Tinatin Khidasheli, November 12, 2007. 123 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Utiashvili, November 15, 2007. 124 Human Rights Watch interview with Nugzar N., November 12, 2007. 125 Ibid. 126 Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007. 127 Ibid. 128 Human Rights Watch interview with Avtandil Jorbenadze, November 13, 2007. 129 Ibid. 130 Ibid. 131 Human Rights Watch interview with Nino Soselia, Tbilisi, November 16, 2007. 132 Ibid. 133 Ibid. 134 Ibid. 135 Human Rights Watch interview with Nikoloz N., Tbilisi, November 17, 2007. 136 Ibid. 137 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Mikiashvili, Tbilisi, November 14, 2007. 138 Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Gotsiridze, November 14, 2007. 139 The Office of the Ombudsman also documented numerous attacks on journalists throughout the day on November 7. Office of the Ombudsman, Georgia: November 2007, December 3, 2007. On file with Human Rights Watch. 140 Shota Utiashvili as quoted in Georgia Leader Calls Early Election to Decide His Fate, New York Times. 141 Human Rights Watch interview with Levan Tabidze, Tbilisi, November 15, 2007. 142 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Utiashvili, November 15, 2007. 143 Ibid. 144 Human Rights Watch interview with Gela Nikoleishvili, November 14, 2007. 145 Human Rights Watch interview with Paata Zakarieshvili, November 13, 2007. 146 Human Rights Watch interview with Tinatin Khidasheli, November 12, 2007. 147 Human Rights Watch interview with Paata Zakarieshvili, November 13, 2007. 148 Human Rights Watch interview with Tinatin Khidasheli, November 12, 2007. 149 Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007; Human Rights Watch interview with Paata Zakarieshvili, November 13, 2007. 150 Human Rights Watch interview with Tinatin Khidasheli, November 12, 2007. 151 Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007. 152 Human Rights Watch interview with Petre P., Tbilisi, November 12, 2007. 153 Human Rights Watch interview with Gela Nikoleishvili, November 14, 2007. 154 Human Rights Watch interview with Sozar Subari, Ombudsman of Georgia, Tbilisi, November 12, 2007. 155 Ibid. 156 Human Rights Watch interview with Maia Baiaromelashvili, November 14, 2007. 157 Human Rights Watch interview with Petre P., November 12, 2007. 158 Human Rights Watch interview with Paata Zakarieshvili, November 13, 2007. 159 Human Rights Watch interview with Gela Nikoleishvili, November 14, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Maia Baiaromelashvili, November 14, 2007. 160 Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Khaindrava, November 16, 2007. 161 Georgian Public Service Broadcaster, From November to November- part 7, date unknown, available on YouTube, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndiYmW89Jj8 (accessed December 3, 2007). 162 Human Rights Watch interview with Maia Baiaromelashvili, November 14, 2007. 163 Human Rights Watch interview with Gela Nikoleishvili, November 14, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Khaindrava, November 16, 2007. 164 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Utiashvili, November 15, 2007. 165 Human Rights Watch interview with Gela Nikoleishvili, November 14, 2007. 166 Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Khaindrava, November 16, 2007. 167 As earlier on Rustaveli, riot police wore uniforms, helmets, and plastic gas masks and held plastic shields and truncheons. 168 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Mikiashvili, November 14, 2007. 169 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007. 170 Ibid. 171 Human Rights Watch interview with Eka Beselia, Tbilisi, November 13, 2007; Human Rights Watch interview with Gela Nikoleishvili, November 14, 2007; Human Rights Watch interview with Maia Baiaromelashvili, November 14, 2007; Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Mikiashvili, November 14, 2007; Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Khaindrava, November 16, 2007. 172 Human Rights Watch interview with Maia Baiaromelashvili, November 14, 2007. 173 Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007. 174 Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Khaindrava, November 16, 2007. 175 Human Rights Watch interview with Maia Baiaromelashvili, November 14, 2007; Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Khaindrava, November 16, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Eka Beselia, November 13, 2007. 176 Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Khaindrava, November 16, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Eka Beselia, November 13, 2007. 177 Human Rights Watch interview with Eka Beselia, November 13, 2007. 178 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Utiashvili, November 15, 2007. 179 Human Rights Watch interview with Gela Nikoleishvili, November 14, 2007. 180 Human Rights Watch interview with Maia Baiaromelashvili, November 14, 2007. 181 Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007. 182 Human Rights Watch interview with Maia Baiaromelashvili, November 14, 2007; Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Khaindrava, November 16, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Gela Nikoleishvili, November 14, 2007. 183 Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Khaindrava, November 16, 2007. 184 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007. 185 Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Khaindrava, November 16, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Mikiashvili, November 14, 2007. 186 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007. 187 Video on file with Human Rights Watch. 188 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007. 189 Human Rights Watch interview with Gela Nikoleishvili, November 14, 2007. 190 Human Rights Watch interview with Nana Kakabadze, Tbilisi, November 14, 2007. 191 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Mikiashvili, November 14, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Eka Beselia, November 13, 2007. 192 Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007. 193 Video on file with Human Rights Watch. 194 Human Rights Watch interview with Gela Nikoleishvili, November 14, 2007; Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Mikiashvili, November 14, 2007; and video on file with Human Rights Watch. 195 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Mikiashvili, November 14, 2007. 196 Human Rights Watch interview with Eka Beselia, November 13, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Mikiashvili, November 14, 2007. 197 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Mikiashvili, November 14, 2007. 198 Human Rights Watch interview with Vakho Komakhidze, November 12, 2007. 199 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007. 200 Human Rights Watch interview with Paata Zakarieshvili, November 13, 2007. 201 Human Rights Watch interview with Koba Davitashvili, Tbilisi, November 15, 2007. 202 Ibid. 203 Human Rights Watch interview with Irakli I., Tbilisi, November 15, 2007. 204 A few minutes after the authorities forced Imedi off air, a small television station, Kavkasia, which airs only in Tbilisi, was also forced off the air. Kavkasia was also considered to be a pro-opposition television station. 205 Giorgi Lomsadze, Georgia Grapples with Restricted News Coverage, EurasiaNet, November 8, 2007, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav110807a.shtml (accessed November 29, 2007). 206 Keti Khachidze, Interview: Lewis Robertson, The Georgian Times, November 19, 2007, http://www.geotimes.ge/index.php?m=home&newsid=7842 (accessed November 29, 2007). 207 Giorgi Lomsadze, Georgia Grapples with Restricted News Coverage. 208 Human Rights Watch interview with Maia Asatiani, Imedi journalist, Tbilisi, November 13, 2007. 209 Human Rights Watch interview with Anna Gochiashvili, Imedi journalist, Tbilisi, November 14, 2007. 210 Imedi television broadcast, November 7, 2007, on file with Human Rights Watch. 211 Human Rights Watch interview with Anna Gochiashvili, November 14, 2007. 212 Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Targamadze, Imedi journalist, Tbilisi, November 13, 2007. 213 Imedi television broadcast, November 7, 2007, on file with Human Rights Watch. Translation by Giorgi Gogia. 214 Ibid. 215 Human Rights Watch interview with Giorgi Targamadze, November 13, 2007. 216 Ibid. 217 Dierdre Tynan, Pro-Opposition Television Channel Likely Out of Action for Special Election, EurasiaNet, November 9, 2007, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav110907a.shtml (accessed November 29, 2007). 218 Peter Fedynsky, Georgias Media Shutdown has Significant Impact, Voice of America, November 11, 2007, http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-11-11-voa23.cfm (accessed November 29, 2007). 219 On November 11 Georgian officials gave a tour of the station to the EU Special Representative for the South Caucasus, Peter Semneby, and two other European diplomats. During a press conference that same day Semneby stated, What we did notice is that the premises were clean and orderly, but at the same time there were also clear signs of disorder that had obviously taken place as a result of the interior forces entering the premises. He added We did not see any equipment that was destroyed, but as I said there was some equipment missing and most of the technical equipment had clearly been disconnected. Officials Counter Claims of Destroyed Imedi TV, Civil Georgia, November 11, 2007, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=16299 (accessed November 29, 2007). 220 Rustavi 2 television broadcast, November 7, 2007, available on YouTube, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGkJJCR7rR0 (accessed November 29, 2007). 221 Ibid. 222 Human Rights Watch interview with Inga Grigolia, Imedi journalist, Tbilisi, November 16, 2007. 223 Human Rights Watch interview with Anna Gochiashvili, November 14, 2007; and Human Rights Watch interview with Maia Asatiani, November 13, 2007. 224 Human Rights Watch interview with Anna Gochiashvili, November 14, 2007. 225 Ibid. 226 Ibid. 227 Human Rights Watch interview with Inga Grigolia, November 16, 2007. 228 Human Rights Watch interview with Natia Mikiashvili, November 14, 2007. 229 Human Rights Watch interview with Maia Asatiani, November 13, 2007. 230 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007. 231 Ibid. 232 Ibid. 233 Nina Akhmeteli, Hundreds Injured as Police Use Force to End Protests; TV Shut Down, Georgia Today, No. 382, November 9, 2007, http://www.georgiatoday.ge/article_details.php?id=3866 (accessed December 2, 2007). 234 Human Rights Watch interview with Dr. Archil Talakvadze, MD, Office of the Ombudsman, Tbilisi, November 13, 2007. 235 Human Rights Watch interview with Shota Khizanishvili, November 29, 2007. 236 Human Rights Watch interview with Dr. Levan Labauri, November 15, 2007. 237 Ibid. 238 General Prosecutors Office of Georgia, December 1, 2007, response to questions submitted by Human Rights Watch. 239 Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia, art. 62(2). 240 General Prosecutors Office of Georgia, December 1, 2007, response to questions submitted by Human Rights Watch. 241 Ibid. 242 Ibid. 243 Ibid. 244 Human Rights Watch interview with Sopo Benashvili, Office of the Ombudsman, Tbilisi, November 16, 2007. |