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July 2001
Vol. 13, No. 3 (C)

AFGHANISTAN

CRISIS OF IMPUNITY
The Role of Pakistan, Russia, and Iran in Fueling the Civil War
Printable Version [pdf]

Map 1

Map 2

I. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
International Sponsors
Policy Developments
The Parties' Record on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law
A Call for a Comprehensive Arms Embargo
Recommendations to the International Community
A Note on Methodology and Sources

II. AFGHANISTAN'S CIVIL WARS
Parties to the Conflict

The Taliban
The United Front 
A History of Foreign Intervention
Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
Violations by the Taliban
Violations by United Front Factions


III. PAKISTAN'S SUPPORT OF THE TALIBAN 
The Role of Private Traders
Direct Military Support
Recruitment and Training of Volunteers
Private Actors' Involvement in Arms Procurement
The Role of Saudi Arabia

Official Assistance
Private Contributions


IV. FOREIGN ASSISTANCE TO THE UNITED FRONT 
The Role of Iran

Military Support
Aerial Resupply
The Bridge at Dasht-i Qala
Military Training
The Role of the Russian Federation
Border Crossings
Kuliob and Osh
The Role of Tajikistan
The Role of Uzbekistan
The Role of Turkmenistan
The Role of Kyrgyzstan

APPENDIX I 
Supplying the United Front: Iranian and CIS cooperation

Arms Hidden in Aid Shipment
Kyrgyz Government Knowledge
Implications: Multinational Complicity in the Covert Shipment of Arms


APPENDIX II 

Selected Documents
Figure A
Figure B
Figure B (translated)


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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