Appendix 1: Country-By-Country Summary Of U.S. Humanitarian Demining Programs

Afghanistan NADR funding: FY 99, $2.615M; FY 00, $3.0M (estimate); FY 01, $2.9M (request). Funding supports mine awareness education, mine clearance, surveys, minefield marking, and training coordinated by the U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan (UNOCHA) and continued operation of the U.N.'s Mine Action Program for Afghanistan (MAPA).¹⁴⁸ The U.S. committed $1.5M in FY 99 funds to the HALO Trust to conduct demining operations in Vardak Province.¹⁴⁹ In FY 00, the NADR funding includes: $1.1M to the HALO Trust (grant signed March 9, 2000); $1.3M for UNOCHA mine clearance; $0.5M for UNOCHA equipment.¹⁵⁰

Albania During the summer and fall of 1999, the Humanitarian Demining IWG conducted a policy assessment of the situation in Albania to ascertain efforts undertaken by the Albanian Government and possible areas of U.S. assistance.¹⁵¹ It is possible that mine action funding for Albania will be channeled through the Slovenian International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victim Assistance.

Algeria A request for humanitarian demining assistance from the Government of Algeria was received on December 6, 1999. The request is currently being reviewed by the Humanitarian Demining IWG.¹⁵²

Angola NADR funding: FY 00, $3.096M (estimate); FY 01, $2.9M (request). Assistance supports U.N. Demining Program in providing training, equipment, and mine awareness education. Victim assistance programs also funded.¹⁵³ Recently, the U.S. agreed to assist the U.N. by providing nearly $2 million to purchase "demining equipment such as communications gear, mine detectors, protective suits, computers, explosives, mine probes, vehicles, and trauma kits."¹⁵⁴ In FY 00, the NADR funding allocation includes: $0.399M to the HALO Trust (grant signed April 11, 2000); $0.697M to the German NGO MgM (grant signed April 18, 2000); $1.964M to Norwegian People's Aid (NPA) (grant signed May 1, 2000).¹⁵⁵

Armenia OHDACA funding: FY 00, $0.044M (estimate). NADR funding, FY 00, $0.3M (estimate); FY 01, $0.6M (request). Armenia requested humanitarian demining assistance in late 1999, noting that there are landmines along the Armenia-Azerbaijan border (excluding occupied territory). Armenia also has agreed to participate in demining training as part of the Beecroft initiative. On December 9, 1999, the U.S. Humanitarian Demining IWG authorized an assessment visit to Armenia in 2000.¹⁵⁶

Azerbaijan OHDACA funding: FY 99, $0.14; FY 00 $0.048M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 00, $0.5M (estimate); FY 01, $0.6M (request). Azerbaijan was formally approved into the U.S. humanitarian demining program on December 12, 1999. An assessment of requirements will be conducted in early 2000.¹⁵⁷ Training of deminers will take place as part of the Beecroft initiative. The entire amount of FY 00 NADR funds is proposed for a grant to the UNDP.¹⁵⁸

Bosnia Herzegovina OHDACA funding: FY 00, $0.641M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 99, $2.305M. ITF funding: FY 99, $12.115M; FY 00 $14.0M (estimate). USAID Support for East European Democracy (SEED) funding: FY 00 $0.2M (estimate). Beginning in 1998, all U.S. financial assistance for humanitarian demining in mine-affected countries in Southeast Europe has been channeled through the Slovenian International Trust Fund (ITF) for Demining and Mine Victim Assistance. The ITF works with the national and regional mine action centers to disperse funds for mine clearance projects, mine awareness education, and victim assistance efforts.¹⁵⁹ Prior to the establishment of the ITF, the U.S. had spent over $26M in funds on a wide range of mine action activities including the training and equipping of 450 military deminers, produced mine awareness comic books and other activities in conjunction with UNICEF and the World Bank.¹⁶⁰ The Department of Defense officially completed its demining training program in February 2000.¹⁶¹

Cambodia NADR funding: FY 99, $1.5M; FY 00, $2.58M (estimate); FY 01, $2.6M (request). U.S. funding is given in the form of grants to international NGOs or channeled through the Cambodian Mine Action Center (CMAC). From FY 1993-1998, U.S. funding for mine action in Cambodia totaled nearly $17M. Prior to the suspension of OHDACA funding in July 1997, DoD personnel equipped and trained 1,221 CMAC deminers and another 537 military engineers through the UNDP Trust Fund. Victim assistance programs by the VVAF and other NGO are also funded by USAID through the War Victims Fund.¹⁶² For FY 00, NADR funding allocation is planned to include: $0.250M grant to CARE; $1.2M grant to the HALO Trust; $0.2M grant to the Mines Advisory Group; $0.12M to Handicap International; $0.78M donation to CMAC.¹⁶³

Chad OHDACA funding: FY 99, $1.0M; FY 00, $1.16M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 99, $0.732; FY 00, $0.633 (estimate); FY 01, $0.6M (request). Prior to October 1, 1997, the U.S. had provided $1.9M in assistance to Chad to support and sustain the training of approximately 200 military engineer personnel as deminers. Additionally, U.S. funding supports the operation of a national mine action center, establishment of a regional demining office in the northern part of country, mine awareness education, and the collection of historical data.¹⁶⁴ U.S. military trainers will re-qualify Chadian demining personnel in 2000.¹⁶⁵ FY 00 NADR funding allocation includes: an IMAS task order for the provision of commodities and equipment; $0.210 for the purchase of vehicles; $0.011M to purchase radios; $0.196M grant to UNDP to contract aerial medical evacuation services; $0.012M for repairs to the deminer's building in Faya; $0.108M for the purchase of spare parts for C-130 aircraft supporting demining operations (handled as a U.S. foreign military sales case).¹⁶⁶

Croatia NADR funding: FY 99, $0.6M. ITF funding: FY 99, $1.6. Following an assessment mission in January 2000, the U.S. announced that it will provide an additional $360,000 to support ongoing demining efforts in Croatia, in cooperation with the Croatian Mine Action Center (CROMAC) and the Slovenian International Trust Fund. The new grant apparently will fund the procurement of MRV3 demining flail machines manufactured by the Croatian firm of Doking D.O.O. Ltd. The terms of the grant also include demining approximately sixty hectares of land in 2000. The U.S. provided $1.7M in humanitarian demining assistance in FY 99.¹⁶⁷

Djibouti NADR funding: FY 00, $0.3M (estimate); FY 01, $0.8M (request). The Humanitarian Demining IWG approved Djibouti's request for humanitarian demining assistance on December 12, 1999. U.S. military trainers and the IMAS contractor will apparently be used to establish a complete demining program including training, equipment, and facilities for demining training. A survey of requirements will be conducted sometime in 2000.¹⁶⁸

Ecuador OHDACA funding: FY 99, $0.125M; FY 00, $1.1M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 99, $0.999M; FY 00, $1.0M (estimate); FY 01, $1.2M (request). Ecuador was included in the U.S. humanitarian demining program on February 22, 1999. The first U.S. training program was conducted late in 1999 and another is scheduled to occur between April and June 2000. The same training is provided to deminers in Peru.¹⁶⁹ The U.S. has committed to providing long-term demining training and possibly a mine detection dog program in Ecuador. Near-term objectives include the establishment of a national demining office.¹⁷⁰

Egypt OHDACA funding: FY 99, $0.615M; FY 00, $0.817M (estimate). Egypt requested U.S. assistance to supplement its national demining program in 1997. Egypt was accepted into the U.S. humanitarian demining program on September 2, 1998. The U.S. initially intended to conduct train-the-trainer programs and establish a national demining center. It is unclear whether a formal memorandum of understanding has been developed to assure that the intended use for donated equipment, supplies, and services is solely for humanitarian demining purposes. While not a requirement of the U.S. program, the U.S. is requesting that Egypt establish a civilian-led national demining organization. This is a necessity in order to receive assistance from the international donor community. There is concern whether the NGO presented by the Egyptian Government as part of this structure is actually independent of the government or if it existed prior to the government's announcement.¹⁷¹ Apparently, no additional funding has been approved to provide long-term support in Egypt. The Humanitarian Demining IWG has refused to allocate any NADR funds to Egypt in light of the $1.3 billion of Foreign Military Financing funds Egypt receives from the U.S. and the apparent reluctance on the part of the Egyptian government to support its own demining effort with this assistance. In the FY 2001 State Department Budget request, Egypt is eligible to receive Excess Defense Article (EDA) under section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act. The supporting State Department budget justification materials note that in FY 2001 EDA funds will be used to supply spare parts to outdated U.S. M-60 tanks that will be specially outfitted for use in Egypt's ongoing demining efforts. It is also possible that USAID funding will be used to support some aspects of the Egyptian national demining program such as victim assistance programs.¹⁷²

Eritrea OHDACA funding: FY 00, $1.2M (planned estimate). NADR funding: FY 00, $1.117M (planned estimate); FY 01, $1.0M (request). From 1993 to 1998, the U.S. provided approximately $8.0M in funds for training and equipping of nearly 400 military deminers and a wide array of mine action activities. On June 22, 1998 most elements of the U.S. humanitarian demining program in Eritrea were temporarily suspended due to the conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea. While continued U.S. assistance is predicated on the conclusion and implementation of a peace accord, planning is ongoing for the immediate resumption of the program.¹⁷³ Upon resumption of this program, the $1.117M in NADR funds programmed for FY 00 would be spent deploying a mine detecting dog capability, training in explosive ordnance disposal and mine clearance, and the purchase of equipment.¹⁷⁴

Estonia OHDACA funding: FY 00, $1.9M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 99, $0.335; FY 01, $0.3M (request). Estonia was accepted into the U.S. humanitarian demining program on June 1, 1998. U.S. assistance includes providing modern protective clothing and demining equipment, the establishment of a mine action center, and a mine awareness campaign.¹⁷⁵ U.S. military personnel provided training in Estonia between April and June 2000. Another training mission is scheduled to occur in FY 01.¹⁷⁶

Ethiopia OHDACA funding: FY 00, $1.2M (planned estimate). NADR funding: FY 99, $0.335M; FY 00, $1.117M (planned estimate); FY 01, $1.0M (request). Since 1993, the U.S. provided approximately $8.0M for training and equipping of military deminers and wide array of mine action activities. On June 22,1998 elements of the U.S. program were temporarily suspended due to the conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia. Future U.S. demining assistance is predicated on the conclusion and implementation of a peace accord.¹⁷⁷ Upon resumption of this program, the $1.117M in NADR funds programmed for FY 00 would be spent deploying a mine detecting dog capability, training in explosive ordnance disposal and mine clearance, and the purchase of equipment.¹⁷⁸

Georgia OHDACA funding: FY 00, $0.065M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 00, $0.997M (estimate); FY 01, $0.9M (request). In 1999, the Government of Georgia requested U.S. humanitarian demining assistance to "clear protective minefields surrounding two ex-Soviet military bases in Georgia so that the areas may be returned to civilian use."¹⁷⁹ The Humanitarian Demining IWG is currently considering this request. Georgia will host the joint training exercise resulting from the Beecroft Initiative in September to November 2000.¹⁸⁰ The $0.997M in FY 00 NADR funds may possibly be granted to HALO Abkhazia.¹⁸¹

Guinea Bissau OHDACA funding: FY 00, $0.065M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 00, $0.3M (estimate); FY 01, $0.5M (request). The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) submitted a request for U.S. humanitarian demining equipment for its regional peacekeeping force (ECOMOG) in Guinea-Bissau.¹⁸² The Humanitarian Demining IWG did not approve this request. While the U.S. is studying the feasibility of using emergency demining funds for deploying contractor mine-detecting dogs, the Humanitarian Demining IWG is apparently deferring a decision pending the completion of a study of the landmine problem in Guinea Bissau.¹⁸³

Jordan OHDACA funds: FY 99, $0.74M, FY 00, $0.63M (estimate). NADR funds: FY 99, $1.9M, FY 00, $1.511 (estimate); FY 01, $1.5M (request). U.S. military cooperation for humanitarian demining with Jordan began in 1997. The U.S. has assisted in establishing the national demining coordination office, conducted training of Jordanian military engineers, and provided equipment including mechanical clearance mini-flails. Additionally, the U.S. has provided computer based planning, management, and training tools. The Royal Jordanian Armed Forces maintains a force of 380 combat engineers dedicated to demining. Future funds for humanitarian demining will be used to fund on-going programs to remove landmines in the Jordan River Valley, along the Jordan-Syrian border, and in the Rift Valley with emphasis on providing heavy engineering equipment and bulldozers, mine detecting dogs, and experimental mechanical mine removal systems.¹⁸⁴ The FY 00 NADR funds are planned to be used to provide demining equipment ($0.411M), demining technologies ($0.943M), and vehicles ($0.155M).¹⁸⁵

Kosovo OHDACA funding: FY 99, $0.5M; FY 00, $4.95M (estimate). NADR funds: FY 99, $0.5M. USAID SEED funding: FY 99, $0.65M; FY 00, $5.414M (estimate). In response to the crisis in the spring of 1999 and the laying of new mines in the area, the U.S. funded, through UNICEF, a mine awareness campaign in the refugee camps in Albania and Macedonia. ¹⁸⁶ Additionally, on June 11, the State Department modified an existing contract with RONCO to clear mines and unexploded ordnance in Kosovo. The contract provided short-term emergency demining assistance at a total cost of approximately $1.6 million, funded from the SEED account.¹⁸⁷ The status of plans to fund a similar contract for 2000 and 2001 at an estimated cost of $3.5 million per year is unknown. According to the U.S. European Command, "KFOR continues to perform only `mission-essential' demining, with the exact definition of `mission-essential' determined on the ground."¹⁸⁸

Laos OHDACA funding: FY99, $0.7M; FY 00, $0.4M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 99, $1.8M; FY 00, $1.486M (estimate); FY 01, $1.5M (request). USAID funding: FY 99, $0.8M. Laos began receiving U.S. assistance in 1994 and the total amount of aid reached $11.4M through September 30, 1998. Training by U.S. military personnel has occurred with personnel from the Lao national coordinating agency for demining and UXO clearance. U.S. funds are also used in victim assistance programs in Laos. The FY 00 NADR funds will apparently be channeled through the IMAS contract to purchase equipment ($0.726M) and vehicles ($0.760M).¹⁸⁹ In the past, the U.S. has provided funds for mine awareness education and some historical data regarding bombing patterns.¹⁹⁰ According to Department of Defense official all "render safe" procedures that can be released have, or are in the process of, been released to deminers operating in Laos.¹⁹¹

Lebanon OHDACA funding: FY 99, $0.65M; FY 00, $0.084M (estimate). NADR Funding: FY 99, $0.53M; FY 00, $0.857M (estimate); FY 01, $0.8M (request). U.S. funding of demining programs in Lebanon was initiated in 1998. U.S. military personnel have conducted train-the-trainer programs with military engineers in-country and twenty-two Lebanese military personnel have attended a one-time advanced humanitarian demining training at Fort Leonard Wood. Other U.S. military personnel have assisted establishing the national demining center and developing a mine awareness campaign. Further funds will be used to finance other on-going programs to remove mines throughout Lebanon.¹⁹² Spending plans for FY 00 NADR funds include: $0.4M for mechanical equipment through the IMAS contract; $0.057 for unspecified services; $0.2M for ambulances; $0.11M for World Rehabilitation Fund mine awareness programs; $0.09M for support to the national demining office.¹⁹³

Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of The Humanitarian Demining IWG is conducting a policy assessment regarding the landmine situation in Macedonia and possible areas of U.S. assistance.¹⁹⁴

Mauritania OHDACA funding: FY 99, $0.45M; FY 00, $1.7M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 99, $0.534M; FY 00, $0.501M (estimate); FY 01, $0.4M (request). Mauritania was accepted into the U.S. humanitarian demining program on December 10, 1998. Initially, U.S. efforts were directed at surveying mine affected regions. Other objectives of the program include developing an indigenous demining capability and a mine awareness program. Training of Mauritanian military deminers is expected to begin in 2000.¹⁹⁵ In FY 00, $0.460M in NADR funds will channeled through the IMAS contract to procure vehicles.¹⁹⁶

Moldova OHDACA funding: FY 99, $0.071M; FY 00, $0.043M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 00, $0.3M (estimate). The Humanitarian Demining IWG approved Moldova for humanitarian demining assistance on September 2, 1999. According to the U.S. assessment of the landmine problem in Moldova, "the problem is limited to one minefield. The National Army of Moldova previously cleared the other six minefields from the 1992 internal conflict with the Transnistrian separatist region. The remaining minefield was emplaced in a haphazard manner, and mine clearance operations caused unacceptable casualties."¹⁹⁷ Department of Defense assistance goes solely toward the procurement of demining and support equipment.¹⁹⁸

Mongolia The U.S. Government received a request for humanitarian demining assistance in early 1999 and the Demining IWG approved the dispatch of an assessment team. The extent of the landmine problem in Mongolia is unknown but it is possible that UXO are more of a concern.¹⁹⁹

Mozambique OHDACA funding: FY 99, $1.1M; FY 00, $0.465M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 99: $1.9M; FY 00: $3.5M (estimate); FY01, $2.0M (request). U.S. assistance to Mozambique has totaled nearly $27 million since its inception in 1993 and has included the full spectrum of mine action activities permitted under U.S. law. This has included extensive USAID funded mine clearance projects and victim assistance efforts. The U.S. military has conducted extensive train-the-trainer activities, provided computer and communications equipment, and assisted the establishment and operation of the National Demining Commission. DoD's role and funding will be curtailed as the program was "handed off" to the Department of State in April 1999. The U.S. provided $2.0 million in additional demining equipment on May 11, 2000 in response to recent natural disasters in mine-affected regions of Mozambique. The planned allocation of FY 00 NADR includes: $2.9M for operational demining through the IMAS contract; $0.118M for vehicles and equipment through the IMAS contract; a $0.343M grant to the HALO Trust for demining in northern part of the country; $0.2M to refurbish the Buquisso demining camp.²⁰⁰

Namibia OHDACA funding: FY 00, $0.007M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 99, $1.053M; FY 00, $0.3M (estimate); FY 01, $0.1M (request). From 1995 to 1998 over $3.6M in U.S. military assistance was used in train-the-trainer programs, establishment and operation of a national demining office, the purchase of equipment, and mine awareness education programs. The U.S. also provided prototype machinery called a "berm processor" to mechanically clear landmines from berms surrounding 409 electrical pylons. The DoD training program was completed in February 2000 and the entire program has been transferred to Department of State management. Future U.S. funded efforts will sustain the technical expertise and logistical support to the national program, completing the berm project and accomplishing minefield clearance quality assurance via a commercial contract.²⁰¹ The $0.3M in FY 00 has been dedicated to an IMAS contract task order to perform the pylon quality assurance project.²⁰²

Organization of American States/Inter-American Defense Board (OAS/IADB) (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua) OHDACA funding: FY 99, $0.35M. NADR funding: FY 99, $2.241M; FY 00, $1.437M (estimate); FY 01, 1.5M (request). USAID funding: FY 00, $2.0M (estimate). Beginning in 1993, nearly $6.5M of U.S. assistance has been provided for demining in Central America through the OAS/IADB through September 30, 1998. The OAS has been coordinating a regional demining effort in Central America since that time. U.S. funds are used for training, equipment procurement, and mine awareness. U.S. funding also supports the multinational mine clearance organization named MARMINCA. U.S. military personnel have trained over 1,000 deminers for MARMINCA. The OAS requested and the U.S. demining IWG has agreed to support a mine-detecting dog program for Central America. The four recipient governments, with the full support of donors, have set 2002 as a target to make their states "mine safe."²⁰³ The projected allocation of FY 00 NADR funding includes: $1.237M for a mine detection dog contract; $0.166M for communications equipment; $0.2M for victims assistance and mine awareness projects.²⁰⁴

Oman OHDACA funding: FY99, $1.4M. NADR funding: FY 00, $0.3M (estimate); FY 01, $0.5M (request). The Humanitarian Demining IWG provisionally approved Oman's request for humanitarian demining assistance on December 9, 2000. A survey will be conducted sometime in 2000 to establish the training and equipment requirements needed to bring Oman's current demining units up to international standards. U.S. training of Omani deminers is scheduled to occur in February 2001. It is also possible that the U.S. will provide a mine-detecting dog capability as part of the overall country program.²⁰⁵ A decision whether to formally include Oman in the U.S. program was deferred until sometime in early 2000.²⁰⁶

Peru OHDACA funding: FY 99, $0.125M; FY 00, $1.1M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 99, $1.0M; FY 00, $1.0M (estimate); FY 01, $1.2M (request). Peru was formally included in the U.S. humanitarian demining program on February 22, 1999. A survey of requirements followed this decision along with the purchase of some equipment. The first U.S. training program was conducted late in 1999 and another is scheduled to occur between April and June 2000. The same training is provided to deminers in Ecuador.²⁰⁷ The establishment of a national demining center and demining operations to clear mine-affect border regions are near-term priorities of the program.²⁰⁸

Rwanda OHDACA funding: FY 00, $0.007M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 99, $0.75M; FY 00, $0.246M (estimate); FY 01, $0.25M (request). USAID funding: FY 99, $1.05M. U.S. demining assistance to Rwanda began in 1994 with extensive military support to establish a national demining office, basic mine awareness training, the establishment of a computer based data collection and records management system, and a train-the-trainer program.²⁰⁹ According to the Department of State, "the country program is proceeding with one region of the country (the northeast) complete and the second region (the northwest) now sufficiently secure to conduct demining operations. The extent of the problem in the northwest is not yet known. USAID plans use some portion of its development assistance operations to fund mine action activities in the near future."²¹⁰ The Department of Defense completed its demining training program in February 2000.²¹¹ The planned allocation of FY 00 NADR funds includes: $0.001M for the local purchase of auto parts; an IMAS contract task order for unspecified equipment, commodities and services.²¹²

Somalia NADR funding: FY 99, $1.15M; FY 00, $1.3M (estimate); FY 01, $1.6M (request). A U.S. delegation visited northwestern Somalia in late April 1999 and found that the unrecognized republic of "Somaliland" suffers from a severe landmine/UXO problem. The U.S. is providing funding for a HALO Trust project that will clear landmines in western Somaliland and the city of Burao. Additionally, the U.S. has provided $0.343M to fund a CARE effort to conduct Level One and Level Two survey projects and to provide mine awareness training. While making progress, CARE's project may be forced to suspend its operations due to the European Union's unexplained failure to provide its share of funding for the project.²¹³ The planned allocation of FY 00 NADR funds includes $1.3M for HALO Trust activities (grant signed March 27, 2000) and an unspecified $0.1M reimbursement for the HALO Trust project.²¹⁴

Swaziland OHDACA funding: FY 99, $0.828M; FY 00, $0.289M (estimate). The Humanitarian Demining IWG approved Swaziland for humanitarian demining assistance on June 1, 1998. Swaziland has a single minefield, 10 kilometer long and 50-100 meters wide, along part of its border with Mozambique. The focus of the U.S. program has been on training military demining personnel, providing equipment and equipment operator training.²¹⁵

Thailand OHDACA funding: FY 99, $0.7M; FY 00, $1.8M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 99, $1.049M; FY 00, $1.22M (estimate); FY 01, $1.3M (request). Thailand was approved for humanitarian demining assistance in November 1999. Funding will establish a national mine action center, a demining school, and mine awareness program. Additionally, funding will be used to purchase demining equipment, protective clothing, and vehicles. According to State Department budget justification materials, "FY 2001 funds will complete the planned three-year cycle to fully train the Thai demining trainers and equip six demining platoons with trucks, computers, and demining gear, building the capacity Thailand needs to address the landmine problem along its borders with Cambodia and Burma."²¹⁶ The second round of Department of Defense train-the-trainer programs was conducted between April and June 2000.²¹⁷ The planned allocation of FY 00 NADR funds includes: $0.1M for Level Two Survey activities; $0.5M for an unspecified mine detection dog program; $0.5M for equipment and vehicles; $0.07 for facilities refurbishment; $0.05 for an unspecified regional initiative.²¹⁸

Vietnam NADR funding: FY 99, $1.096M; FY 00, $1.0M (estimate); FY 01, $0.8M (request). The U.S. demining program is in a nascent stage. U.S. personnel have traveled to Vietnam on an assessment mission and engaged in discussions regarding the types of assistance that can be provided as part of a bilateral demining assistance program.²¹⁹ The U.S. announced on June 20, 1999 that an agreement had been reached with Vietnam to provide demining equipment.

Yemen OHDACA funding: FY 99, $.527M, FY 00, $0.581M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 99, $1.462M; FY 00, $1.236M (estimate); FY 01, $1.4M (request). The U.S. program in Yemen was initiated in October 1997 and approximately $4.0M has been allocated prior to October 1, 1998. U.S. Central Command deployed a twenty five member humanitarian demining training team on March 20, 1999 to conduct train-the-trainer operations with Yemeni military engineers. Other U.S. funded activities include establishment of a central demining office in Sa'naa and a regional demining office in Aden, and the provision of equipment.²²⁰ The planned allocation of FY 00 NADR funds includes: $0.813M for vehicles and equipment; $0.015 for computers; $0.046 for office support; $0.36M for unspecified "sustainment" activities.²²¹

Zambia NADR funding: FY 00, $0.3M (estimate); FY 01, $0.5M (request). The Humanitarian Demining IWG authorized an assessment visits to Zambia in March 2000.²²²

Zimbabwe OHDACA funding: FY 99, $1.0M, FY 00, $0.756M (estimate). NADR funding: FY 99, $0.743M; FY 00, $0.250M (estimate); FY 01, $1.0M (request). Zimbabwe was approved for inclusion in the U.S. humanitarian demining program on 5 February 1998. Prior to October 1, 1998, Zimbabwe received $2.3M in U.S. assistance. U.S. military personnel trained Zimbabwe soldiers in August and September 1999 on techniques for minefield survey, mine clearance, and advanced medical training. While a national demining center and a mine awareness campaign have been initiated, the focus of the U.S. program seems to be on the provision of heavy equipment and the training necessary to operate and maintain this equipment in demining operations. Apparently, the U. S. and the European Union explored the possibility of jointly demonstrating new demining equipment at Victoria Falls, one of the Government of Zimbabwe's highest priorities.²²³

148 U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of South Asia," March 15, 2000; U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 17.

149 U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 17.

150 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p.1.

151 U.S. Department of State, September 2, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet.

152 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political Military Affairs, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Fact Sheet: "Meeting of the Interagency Working Group on Demining December 9, 1999." Hereafter cited as "U.S. Department of State, December 9, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet."

153 U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 7.

154 Pat Patierno, Director, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Bureau of Political Military Affairs, U.S. Department of State, Speech to the Model U.N. at the Loy Henderson Conference Room, Department of State, April 7, 2000.

155 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 1.

156 U.S. Department of State, December 9, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet

157 U.S. Department of State, December 9, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet

158 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 1.

159 U.S. Department of State, Office of the Spokesman, "Review of U.S. Government Humanitarian Demining Assistance To Bosnia and Herzegovina Since the End of the 1992-1995 Conflict," April 17, 2000.

160 SOLIC Information Paper; U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 21.

161 Descriptive summaries of Department of Defense demining programs provided by the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Assistance, May 10, 2000. Hereafter cited as "DoD Descriptive Summaries."

162 U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 18; U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs," March 15, 2000; SOLIC Information Paper.

163 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 1.

164 SOLIC Information Paper; "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 8.

165 DoD Descriptive Summaries.

166 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 1.

167 U.S. Department of State, Office of the Spokesman, "State Department Grants Humanitarian Demining Assistance to Croatia," January 28, 2000.

168 U.S. Department of State, December 9, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet

169 DoD Descriptive Summaries.

170 U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs," March 15, 2000; U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 27; U.S. Department of State, March 18, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet.

171 Interview with Ayman Sorour, Executive Director of the Landmine Struggle Center, Cairo, April 10, 2000.

172 U.S. Central Command, "U.S. Government Humanitarian Demining Country Plan for the Arab Republic of Egypt (FY 2000 & 2001)," July 13, 1999; U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 28; U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs," March 15, 2000; SOLIC Information Paper; Interviews conducted in Cairo April 9-11, 2000.

173 U.S. Central Command, "U.S. Government Humanitarian Demining Country Plan for Eritrea (Conditional, FY 2001 & 2002)," February 23, 2000; U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 9; U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of African Affairs," March 15, 2000; SOLIC Information Paper.

174 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 2.

175 U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 22; U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political Military Affairs, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Fact Sheet: "Meeting of the Interagency Working Group on Demining, June 1, 1998." Hereafter cited as "U.S. Department of State, June 1, 1998 IWG Fact Sheet."

176 DoD Descriptive Summaries.

177 U.S. Central Command, "U.S. Government Humanitarian Demining Country Plan for Ethiopia (Conditional, FY2001 & 2002)," February 24, 2000; U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 10; U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of African Affairs," March 15, 2000; SOLIC Information Paper.

178 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 2.

179 U.S. Department of State, September 2, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet.

180 Interview with the Director of the Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Department of State, Washington D.C., May 5, 2000.

181 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 2.

182 U.S. Department of State, March 18, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet.

183 DoD Interviews, May 10, 2000; U.S. Department of State, March 30, 2000 IWG Fact Sheet.

184 U.S. Central Command, "U.S. Government Humanitarian Demining Country Plan for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (FY 2001 & 2002)," April 12, 2000; U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 29; U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs," March 15, 2000; SOLIC Information Paper.

185 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 2.

186 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political Military Affairs, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Fact Sheet: "Meeting of the Interagency Working Group on Demining, June 17, 1999." Hereafter cited as "U.S. Department of State, June 17, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet."

187 U.S. Information Service, "Ambassador Steinberg Outlines U.S. Humanitarian Demining Efforts in Kosovo," June 21, 1999.

188 U.S. Department of State, September 2, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet.

189 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 3.

190 U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 19; U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs," March 15, 2000; SOLIC Information Paper.

191 DoD Interviews, May 10, 2000.

192 U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 30; U.S. Department of State "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs," March 10, 2000; SOLIC Information Paper.

193 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 3.

194 U.S. Department of State, September 2, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet.

195 U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of African Affairs," March 15, 2000; "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 11; U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political Military Affairs, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Fact Sheet: "Meeting of the Interagency Working Group on Demining December 10, 1998." Hereafter cited as "U.S. Department of State, December 10, 1998 IWG Fact Sheet."

196 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 3.

197 U.S. Department of State, September 2, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet.

198 DoD Interviews, May 10, 2000.

199 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political Military Affairs, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Fact Sheet: "Meeting of the Interagency Working Group on Demining, March 18, 1999." Hereafter cited as "U.S. Department of State, March 18, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet."

200 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 3.

201 U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of African Affairs," March 15, 2000; U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 13; SOLIC Information Paper; U.S. Department of State, June 17, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet.

202 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 3.

203 U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs," March 15, 2000; U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, pp. 23-26; U.S. Department of State, March 18, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet; U.S. Department of State, June 1, 1998 IWG Fact Sheet.

204 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 4.

205 DoD Descriptive Summaries.

206 U.S. Department of State, December 9, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet.

207 DoD Descriptive Summaries.

208 U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs," March 15, 2000; U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 27; U.S. Department of State, March 18, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet.

209 U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of African Affairs," March 15, 2000; U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 14; SOLIC Information Paper.

210 U.S. Department of State, June 17, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet.

211 DoD Descriptive Summaries.

212 U.S. Department of State FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 3.

213 U.S. Department of State, June 17, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet; U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of African Affairs," March 15, 2000.

214 U.S. Department of State FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 3.

215 U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 15; U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political Military Affairs, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Fact Sheet: "Meeting of the Interagency Working Group on Demining June 1, 1998."

216 U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 120; U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs," March 15, 2000.

217 DoD Descriptive Summaries.

218 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 4.

219 U.S. Department of State, June 17, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet.

220 U.S. Central Command, "Humanitarian Demining Country Plan For The Republic of Yemen," July 19 1999; U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 31; U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs," March 15, 2000; SOLIC Information Paper.

221 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 4.

222 U.S. Department of State, March 30, 2000 IWG Fact Sheet.

223 U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001 - Bureau of African Affairs," March 15, 2000; U.S. Department of State, "To Walk the Earth in Safety," April 1999, p. 16; SOLIC Information Paper; U.S. Department of State, September 2, 1998 IWG Fact Sheet; U.S. European Command Press Release, July 28, 1999.