MINE ACTION FUNDING AND PROGRAMS

Between FY 1993 and FY 1999 the U.S. contribution for humanitarian mine action programs totaled $288 million, including $63 million in Pentagon research and development programs. The total does not include funding for mine victim assistance programs because mine victim-specific funding, as opposed to more general war victim funding, is not identified by the U.S. government; it would likely amount to tens of millions of dollars more.¹²¹

U.S. Government Humanitarian Demining Funding, FY 93 - FY 1999 (in millions of U.S. Dollars)
	FY 93	FY 94	FY 95	FY 96	FY 97	FY 98	FY 99
Total funding	10.191	15.931	39.252	32.768	45.475	63.449	81.175
Number of Countries	7	9	12	14	15	22	34

The current spending plans are in the table below:

U.S. Government Humanitarian Demining Funding (in millions of U.S. Dollars)
	FY 1999 (actual)	FY2000 (estimate)	FY2001 (request)
DoS Humanitarian Demining Budget (NADR)122	35.0	40.0	40.0
DoD Humanitarian Demining Budget (OHDACA)123	16.0	25.6	25.5
International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victim Assistance	12.115	14.0	Not available
DoD Humanitarian Demining R&D Budget124	18.172	18.197	12.728
Total	81.287	97.797	78.228

Since 1993, Congress has provided funding for the U.S. humanitarian demining program to the Department of Defense and the Department of State. Inside the Executive Branch, the administrative infrastructure for U.S. efforts is centralized in the Humanitarian Demining Interagency Working Group (IWG) formed on September 13, 1993. This body is responsible for coordinating, prioritizing, and integrating U.S. humanitarian demining. The IWG is chaired by an official from the State Department Bureau of Political-Military Affairs and co-chaired by an official from the office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict. The organization and functions of the IWG and the roles and missions of each organization are detailed in the Humanitarian Demining Strategic Plan originally written in 1994 but revised and republished in May 2000.¹²⁵

According to the Department of State, "the steps by which a mine-affected country requests U.S. assistance includes a formal request through the U.S. embassy...which reviews and endorses the request and forwards it to the IWG.... the IWG meets and determines whether to conduct a policy assessment. A policy assessment visit evaluates both the nature of the mine problem and the suitability of U.S. assistance.... Based on this assessment, the IWG may approve the establishment of a formal program for the country. A typical U.S. program involves assisting in the establishment of a mine action center, a mine awareness program, and a demining training program. As the country develops its mine clearance abilities, the IWG will periodically evaluate the development of the program. When the program reaches the point of being self-sustaining, the United States passes off its active role to the host nation, although some U.S. funding may continue to sustain demining efforts."¹²⁶

Beginning in 1998, U.S. financial assistance for humanitarian demining in mine-affected countries in Southeast Europe has been channeled through the Slovenian International Trust Fund (ITF) for Demining and Mine Victim Assistance. Most if not all of these funds thus far have been used for programs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ITF works with the national and regional mine action centers to disperse funds for mine clearance projects, mine awareness education, and victim assistance efforts.¹²⁷

A country-by country description of U.S. humanitarian demining programs is contained in Appendix 1. The number of countries has grown from seven in FY 1993 to thirty-four in FY 1999 and an expected thirty-six in FY 2000.

Department of State
The Department of State is responsible for assisting a recipient country in sustaining its national demining program. Once a program is established, continued support of demining operations is the responsibility of the Department of State's Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs. Funding for the humanitarian demining programs run by the Department of State is provided by the Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, Demining and Related programs (NADR) appropriation. NADR funding can used to support the programs of international organizations and nongovernmental organizations or can be transferred to other agencies.¹²⁸

On August 19, 1999, the Department of State awarded an Integrated Mine Action Support (IMAS) contract to a team of companies led by the RONCO Consulting Corporation. The not-to-exceed $250 million over five years contract provides for one base year plus four one-year options for extension. The IMAS contract allows for RONCO and a team of seven other companies to provide mine clearance, mine detecting dogs, logistics and supply services, and other program management to countries receiving humanitarian demining assistance.¹²⁹ As of May 2000, approximately twenty task orders have been initiated or are in the procurement process.¹³⁰

In addition to country programs, the State Department also has allocated $7.93 million in FY 2000 to fund a number of "cross-cutting initiatives." This includes $1.4 million to the Survey Action Center, a $300,000 grant signed on April 14, 2000 to Saybrook Productions for a mine action CD-ROM, $150,000 to Warner Brothers for the development of mine awareness comic books, a $100,000 grant signed on February 28, 2000 to the UNDP for a training study, $1.1 million to UNICEF for mine awareness programs, a $250,000 grant signed on April 7, 2000 to the United Nations Association's Adopt-A-Minefield program, an $18,343 grant signed on February 17, 2000 to James Madison University for a CD-ROM project, $75,000 to the IMAS contractors for a measures of effectiveness study, $200,000 to the IMAS contractors for information management support, and a $4,550 grant signed on April 13, 2000 to the University of Denver's Center for Teaching International Relations curriculum project.¹³¹

On September 2, 1999, the Humanitarian Demining Interagency Working Group (IWG) approved in principle, as a one-time confidence and security building measure, a joint demining training exercise conducted by U.S. military personnel for Azerbaijan and Armenia.¹³² Georgia was subsequently included in this initiative and the joint training exercise will be conducted at a location in Georgia between September and November 2000. The training will include a total of sixty deminers from Armenia, Azerbaijian, and Georgia.¹³³ This exercise is unique because more than one country is involved and because of their history of belligerence.

The Humanitarian Demining IWG modified existing informal policy on December 9, 1999 in response to renewed armed conflict and possible new use of mines in countries receiving U.S. humanitarian demining assistance. Of particular concern were Afghanistan and Angola. Decisions regarding continuation of assistance are to be made on a case-by-case basis and assistance will only be funneled to the people, not the government of the country, through programs operated by nongovernmental organizations and international organizations. Assistance will only be allowed in areas where conflict has a low probability of reoccurrence, for the purpose of clearing arable land or facilitating the resettlement of displaced persons in areas thought to be mine-affected before the commencement of U.S. demining assistance. It is felt that these restrictions would neither aid belligerent parties nor commit the U.S. to assist in clearing newly mined areas.¹³⁴

The U.S. also intends to establish a Quick Reaction Demining Force of forty deminers and eight mine-detecting dog teams. This group will conduct emergency demining operations when directed by the State Department's Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs. The host country for this force has not been determined but it is likely to be in a mine-affected country.¹³⁵ Funding in FY 2000 for the force may reach $1.75 million from the State Department NADR appropriation.¹³⁶

Public-Private Partnerships for Mine Action
In January 1999 Ambassador Donald Steinberg took over as the U.S. Special Representative of the President and the Secretary of State for Global Humanitarian Demining. He leads the U.S. "Demining 2010 Initiative," launched in November 1997 with the objective of identifying and clearing landmines posing threats to civilians by the year 2010.

As part of the Demining 2010 initiative, the special representative has a unique role in developing public-private initiatives for integrated mine action. In addition to advising the executive branch agencies on the implementation of humanitarian demining programs, the special representative's mandate includes fundraising for programs and initiatives. The list of programs and initiatives and recipients is quite varied.¹³⁷ It includes the Survey Action Center, Adopt-A-Dog, Adopt-A-Minefield, Roots-for-Peace, DC Comics mine awareness comic books, Warner Brothers mine awareness initiative, Landmine Survivors Network, Mine Action Information Center at James Madison University, Los Angeles Unified School District (mine awareness and education module), Army Research Laboratory (landmine detection), Center for International Rehabilitation, Huntington Associates (mine action CD-ROM), and more.

Department of Defense
Department of Defense Humanitarian Demining programs are funded annually from the Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and Civic Aid (OHDACA) appropriation. OHDACA funded programs are coordinated with the Department of State and approved by the Office of the Secretary of Defense. The Defense Security Cooperation Agency administers the funds while the regional military commanders execute the programs. By law, U.S. military personnel are prohibited from entering live minefields or removing mines as part of humanitarian demining programs.¹³⁸

Use of OHDACA funds is restricted under Title 10, United States Code, Section 401. These funds can only be used to support U.S. forces participating in humanitarian demining activities. According to a military planning document, "the majority of the [OHDACA] funds are used to pay costs associated with deployment of U.S. military trainers and support personnel."¹³⁹ Officers from the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Assistance confirmed that as much as 80 percent of OHDACA funding is spent on personnel allowances and the logistical costs of moving personnel and equipment across the world.¹⁴⁰ Purchase of equipment, supplies, and services is permitted as long as it directly supports U.S. military forces participating in humanitarian demining activities. Donation of purchased equipment, supplies, and services can occur upon completion of the program.

The DoD Humanitarian Demining R&D program researches, tests, and modifies existing technology and equipment for immediate use in U.S. humanitarian demining country programs. R&D accounts for nearly 22 percent of total U.S. humanitarian mine action funding to date, not including victim assistance funding. The budget for FY 1995-1999 was $63.6 million, including $18.172 million in FY 1999. For FY 2000 the estimated budget is $18.197 million and the requested budget for FY 2001 is $12.728 million. Technologies and equipment being developed under this program include improved protective gear for deminers, minefield marking and mapping systems and survey equipment, vegetation clearing devices, in-situ neutralization devices, mine awareness and training materials, and mechanical clearance equipment for area clearance and quality assurance purposes. The program will produce a "Consumer Reports" style catalogue on the R&D findings for mine detection technologies sometime in 2000.¹⁴¹

The Pentagon also plans to spend more than $215 million between FY 99 and FY 01 on research and development of military technologies to detect and neutralize explosives, mines, and UXO. These programs are in separate areas of the budget and are not specifically related to the humanitarian mine action totals. The primary organizations conducting this research and development are the Army, DARPA, and the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). It is possible that the results of this military research may in the future find application in the humanitarian demining area.¹⁴²

Military Research and Development Programs with Landmine Technology Detection Elements (in millions of dollars)
Program Name	Agency	FY 99	FY00 (Estimate)	FY01 (Request)	Totals
Countermine Applied Research	Army	7.976	12.286	9.976	30.238
Countermine Advanced Development	Army	6.702	6.866	10.042	23.61
Countermine Advanced Technology Development	Army	20.725	27.536	18.250	66.511
Countermine Engineering and Manufacturing Development	Army	11.254	11.666	33.246	56.166
Night Vision and Electronic Sensor Development	Army	0	3.694	3.37	7.064
UXO Detection	DARPA	20.020	6.457	0	26.477
Countermine Advanced Technology Concept Demonstration	OSD	1.4	.370	0	1.77
Joint UXO Center of Excellence	OSD	1.216	1.168	1.204	3.588
Totals		69.293	70.043	76.088	215.424

The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) is also exploring technologies for airborne wide area antipersonnel landmine detection in arms control treaty compliance monitoring.¹⁴³ Budget figures for this project were not available within DTRA's Arms Control Technology program budget justification materials. Research and development projects for explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) projects are also not included with the above figures.

Countries Receiving U.S. Demining Assistance
Between FY 1993 and FY 1999, the U.S. has provided about $225 million in assistance to demining programs in thirty-four countries.¹⁴⁴ The top recipients of U.S. demining funds during this time are:

Bosnia	$40.5 million (incl. funds from Slovenia International Trust Fund)
Angola	$22.2 million
Afghanistan	$22.0 million
Mozambique	$20.3 million
Cambodia	$19.9 million
Laos	$14.0 million
Rwanda	$13.9 million
OAS	$9.1 million (Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala)
Ethiopia	$8.8 million
Namibia	$8.3 million

The following table summarizes the country-by-country funding of Department of State and Department of Defense humanitarian demining programs.¹⁴⁵

Recipient	Department of State NADR Funding (in millions of U.S. dollars)			Department of Defense OHDACA Funding (in millions of U.S. dollars)
	FY 99	FY 00 (Est.)	FY 01 (Est.)	FY 99	FY 00 (Est.)
Afghanistan	2.615	3.0	2.9	-	-
Angola	-	3.096	2.9	-	-
Armenia	-	0.3	0.6	-	0.044
Azerbaijan	-	0.5	0.6	0.14	0.048
Bosnia Herzegovina	2.305	-	-	-	0.641
Cambodia	1.5	2.58	2.6	-	-
Chad	0.732	0.633	0.6	1.0	1.16
Croatia	0.6	-	-	-	-
Djibouti	-	0.3	0.8	-	-
Ecuador	0.999	1.0	1.2	0.125	1.1
Egypt	-	-	-	0.615	0.817
Eritrea	-	1.117	1.0	-	1.2
Estonia	.335	-	0.3	-	1.9
Ethiopia	.335	1.117	1.0	-	1.2
Georgia	-	0.997	0.9	-	0.065
Guinea Bissau	-	0.3	0.5	-	0.065
Jordan	1.9	1.511	1.5	0.74	0.63
Kosovo	0.5	-	-	0.5	4.95
Laos	1.8	1.486	1.5	0.70	0.40
Lebanon	0.53	0.857	0.8	0.065	0.84
Mauritania	0.534	.501	0.4	0.45	1.7
Moldova	-	0.3	-	0.071	0.043
Mozambique	1.9	3.5	2.0	1.1	0.465
Namibia	1.053	0.3	0.1	-	0.007
OAS/IADB (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua)	2.241	1.437	1.5	0.35	-
Oman	-	0.3	0.5	1.4	-
Peru	1.0	1.0	1.2	0.125	1.1
Rwanda	0.750	0.246	0.250	-	0.007
Somalia	1.15	1.3	1.6	-	-
Swaziland	-	-	-	0.828	0.289
Thailand	1.049	1.22	1.3	0.7	1.8
Vietnam	1.096	1.0	0.8	-	-
Yemen	1.462	1.236	1.4	0.527	0.581
Zambia	-	0.3	0.5	-	-
Zimbabwe	0.743	0.250	1.0	1.0	0.756
Total	27.129	31.684	32.25	10.436	21.808

Survivor Assistance
The primary vehicle for U.S. government funding for landmine survivor assistance is the Patrick J. Leahy War Victims Fund (WVF) administered by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The WVF provides prosthetic assistance for victims who have lost limbs as a result of landmines and other war-related injuries. Since 1989, the WVF has provided $60 million in support for victims of war in sixteen countries. The approximate FY 2000 budget is $12 million.¹⁴⁶ Expenditures for landmine victims are not separated out from those for war victims overall, thus it is not possible to give a precise value to U.S. spending on mine victim assistance programs.

The WVF is dedicated to improving the mobility, health, and social integration of adults and children who have sustained physical disabilities as a direct or indirect result of war or civil strife. These programs focus on medical care and physical rehabilitation. This includes the expanding of cost-effective, quality prosthetic services and setting up well equipped, self-sustainable local medical facilities. Related services, such as gaining access to education and employment opportunities are also funded to promote the economic and social rehabilitation of the victims. These programs can be funded in a variety of ways. Country-based projects meeting criteria are mostly funded through grants to organizations that work closely with host governments and that are registered with USAID. Funds are normally negotiated and managed directly from USAID's overseas missions. Specific WVF projects include:¹⁴⁷

Angola $3.033 million has been given to the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation since September 1996 for the "Angolan Regional Rehabilitation Project." This money funded the construction of a rehabilitation center that provides orthopedic devices to disabled Angolans as well as funding the training of thirty-three Angolans as orthopedic technicians, physiotherapists, and administrators. The clinic has fitted 360 Angolans with prostheses, the majority of whom are landmine victims.

Cambodia $500,000 will be allocated between 1998-2001 to Handicap International for the purpose of establishing the Disability Action Council in Cambodia. This body has coordinated, promoted, and monitored services for disabled Cambodians, as well as implemented a communication network between itself, government agencies, international organizations, and NGOs.

Cambodia $7.778 million will be allocated between 1996-2001 to the Vietnam Veterans of American Foundation for the "Cambodia Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Program." The program has treated more than 8,000 patients with prostheses and wheelchairs, and has provided socioeconomic assistance and employment training to Cambodians with disabilities. A Cambodian staff has been trained and the planning of satellite workshops in eastern Cambodia is underway.

Central America For the period 2000-2002, $500,000 will be allocated to the Pan American Health Organization in support of the "Central American Tripartite Land Mine Initiative." The purpose of this initiative is to improve the physical, social, and economic development of persons disabled by landmines in El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua.

Ethiopia Since July 1998, $1 million has been given to the International Committee of the Red Cross for the "Special Fund for the Disabled's Polypropylene Prosthetic Training Centre" to train African technicians in the production and use of prosthetic components. Thousands of components have since been made in Addis Ababa.

Laos $2.118 million has been granted to "The Consortium" (World Education, World Learning, Save the Children/USA) for the War Victims Assistance Project. These funds have provided medical equipment and renovations for six hospitals as well as the training of three hundred medical staff. Seventy-nine landmine victims have been treated. The funds have also gone towards landmine education programs under which 43,000 students are currently studying.

Lebanon $1.390 million has been allocated to the World Rehabilitation Fund since June 1998 for the "Preventing Land Mine Injuries and Managing the Social Burden of Land Mines in Lebanon" project. The project has initiated a survey to identify minefields and victims. It has also increased involvement from NGO and community-based organizations in addressing the needs of landmine victims as well as provided training and the necessary technology for these organizations.

Liberia $1.474 million has been allocated to UNICEF since September 1994 for the "Physical Rehabilitation of War Victims Project." Rehabilitation centers were established in five counties with trained staff. And orthopedic workshop was completed, equipped, and staffed by trained technicians. Seventy-five prostheses are now produced manually each year and over 800 disabled Liberians have been assisted.

Mozambique Since November 1995, $2.755 million has been provided to Prosthetic and Orthotic Worldwide Education and Relief for their Prosthetics Assistance Project. This project has trained local people in the production of prosthetic and orthotic devices for war victims. Thousands have since been produced under an organized management system.

Sierra Leone $60,764 allocated since November 1999 to the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation for supporting the "Emergency Assistance for P & O in Sierra Leone: Training and Components Provision" project. The funds are allocated for a technical specialist on a short-term basis to provide prosthetic assistance to war victims and to train four nationals as prosthetic technicians. Enough prosthetic limbs have been produced for one hundred amputees and need for further assistance is being assessed.

Sri Lanka $1.175 million has been given since October 1991 to the Friend-in-Need Society for their "Citizens Participation Project" to rehabilitate war victims and integrate them into mainstream society. More than 1,200 prosthetic limbs have been produced and three technicians trained.

Tanzania $300,000 allocated since September 1998 to the World Health Organization for "The Tanzanian Training Center for Orthopedic Technologists." This grant supports prosthetics training courses for qualified African applicants.

Vietnam $900,508 allocated since September 1992 to the Health Volunteers Overseas organization for its Vietnam Rehabilitation Project. This project has promoted the professional development of healthcare providers by introducing new physical therapy curriculums, conducting workshops, and facilitating national acceptance of the Vietnamese Nursing Association. A new discussion forum was also formed for organizations working on related issues.

Since February 1998, $100,000 has been granted to the Prosthetic Outreach Foundation for the "Outreach Prosthetic Services and Prosthetic Component Development" program. A national prosthetic manufacturing center was opened and more than 9,000 prosthesis have been delivered to patients.

Beginning in September 1998, $1,435,510 has been given to Viet-Nam Assistance for the Handicapped (VNAH) for the "Can Tho and Thu Duc Prosthetic and Rehabilitation Project." This project promotes disability access to public buildings, including the Hanoi international airport. It has also provided 2,000 new prostheses.

Since March 1998, $1 million has been granted to the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation for the "Thermoplastic Orthotics Rehabilitation Program for Vietnam" to promote extensive and sustainable production of thermoplastic orthoses to help rehabilitate the disabled. A new orthotics workshop was constructed and equipped, a monitoring unit was trained, new services were provided and more than 3,000 orthoses were provided for children.

Since August 1998, $801,000 has been provided to World Vision for the "Prosthetics and Orthotics Rehabilitation Project" to upgrade the indigenous health care system to meet the needs of handicapped individuals. High quality prosthetic production rates and outreach services to beneficiaries have increased since several rehabilitation centers were handed over to the Vietnamese Ministry of Labor, Invalids, and Social Affairs.

A small number of private organizations fund victim assistance programs in mine-affected countries. For example, the Prosthetics Outreach Foundation conducts programs in Vietnam that are entirely funded from private sources. Another private organization, PeaceTrees Vietnam, a project of the Earthstewards Network, has funded mine clearance and mine awareness in Vietnam's Quang Tri province since 1996 with $595,000 in privately raised monies.

Most private organizations are using a mix of private and public funds in their programs. The biggest source of public funds is USAID through the WVF. Examples of such victims assistance programs in Vietnam include Catholic Relief Services, Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, Vietnam Assistance for the Handicapped, and World Vision. Some organizations in the U.S. raise funds and then pool resources at an international level to support programs that may or may not be administered from the original U.S. group. Jesuit Relief Services-USA and CARE are examples of organizations that provide this type of assistance.

121 "FY 00 NADR Project Status" provided by the Department of State, Office of Humanitarian Demining Program, May 5, 2000. Numbers reflect funding for Department of Defense, Department of State, and some Agency for International Development programs. In addition, the U.S. contributed $2.2 million to the U.N. Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Clearance between October 1994 and September 1999.

122 U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001," March 15, 2000.

123 Defense Security Cooperation Agency, "FY 2001 Budget Estimate: Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and Civic Aid Appropriation," February 2000, pp. 1-17.

124 U.S. Department of Defense, "RDDS, PE 0603920D8Z: Humanitarian Demining," February 2000.

125 http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/pm/hdp/policy.html

126 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political Military Affairs, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Fact Sheet: "U.S. Humanitarian Demining Program," July 9, 1999.

127 U.S. Department of State, Office of the Spokesman, "Review of U.S. Government Humanitarian Demining Assistance To Bosnia and Herzegovina Since the End of the 1992-1995 Conflict," April 17, 2000.

128 U.S. Department of State, "U.S. Humanitarian Demining Program Fact Sheet," July 9, 1999.

129 U.S. Department of State, Press Statement by James P. Rubin, Spokesman, August 20, 1999.

130 Interview with the Director of the Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Department of State, Washington D.C., May 5, 2000.

131 "FY 00 NADR Project Status" provided by the Department of State, Office of Humanitarian Demining Program, May 5, 2000, pp. 5-6. Hereafter cited as "U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status."

132 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political Military Affairs, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Fact Sheet: "Meeting of the Interagency Working Group on Demining, September 2, 1999." Hereafter cited as "U.S. Department of State, September 2, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet."

133 Interview with the Director of the Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Department of State, Washington D.C., May 5, 2000.

134 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political Military Affairs, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Fact Sheet: "Meeting of the Interagency Working Group on Demining, December 9, 1999." Hereafter cited as "U.S. Department of State, December 9, 1999 IWG Fact Sheet."

135 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political Military Affairs, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Fact Sheet: "Meeting of the Interagency Working Group on Demining, March 30, 2000." Hereafter cited as "U.S. Department of State, March 30, 2000 IWG Fact Sheet."

136 U.S. Department of State, FY 00 NADR Project Status, p. 5.

137 For details see: Office of the Special Representative of the President and Secretary of State for Global Humanitarian Demining, "Public-Private Partnerships for Global Humanitarian Demining: Toward a Mine-Safe World," Washington D.C., January 2000.

138 10 USC Sec. 401.

139 U.S. Central Command, "U.S. Government Humanitarian Demining Country Plan for the Arab Republic of Egypt (FY 2000 & 2001)," July 13, 1999.

140 DoD Interviews, May 10, 2000.

141 U.S. Department of Defense, "RDDS, PE 0603920D8Z: Humanitarian Demining," February 2000, pp. 1-3.

142 All data from Army and Defense-wide RDDS for PE's 0602702E, 0602712A, 0604808A, 0603606A, 0603619A, 0603858D8Z, 0603750D8Z, 0602709A, February 2000.

143 Defense Threat Reduction Agency, RDDS PE 0603711BR, February 2000.

144 Figure extracted from "FY 00 NADR Status" country programs with funds for demining research and development and "cross cutting initiatives" removed.

145 U.S. Department of State, "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, FY 2001," March 15, 2000 and NADR Country Funding for Humanitarian Demining Assistance at http://www.state.gov/www/global/ arms/pm/hdp/budget.html and "Demining Program Financing History" provided by the Department of State, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, May 5, 2000; Office of the Director for Humanitarian Assistance and Anti-Personnel Landmine Policy of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict, "Information Paper," April 8, 1999. Hereafter cited as "SOLIC, Information Paper."

146 http://www.info.usaid.gov/press/releases/fs991101.html

147 All subsequent descriptive summaries of WVF programs taken from United States Agency for International Development, "Patrick J. Leahy War Victims Fund, Portfolio Synopsis," Spring 2000.