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Broken People
Caste Violence Against India's "Untouchables"
Acknowledgements
Glossary
I. Summary
II.
Recommendations
Recommendations
to the Government of India
Recommendations
to All State Governments
Recommendations
Specific to Abuses Documented in this Report
Recommendations
to the United Nations
Recommendations
to the World Bank and Other International Lending Institutions
Recommendations
to India's Donors and Trading Partners
III. The
Context of Caste Violence
The Caste
System..
"Untouchability"
and Segregation
The
Relevance of Land
Social
Boycotts and Retaliatory Violence
Violence
Against Dalit Women
The Role of
the Police
Dalit
Political Movements
The Rise of
the "Backward Castes"
Legal
Context
IV. The
Pattern of Abuse: Rural Violence in Bihar and the State's Response
The Context
of the Conflict
The
"Naxalites"
Caste
Militias
Confrontations
over Land
Ranvir Sena
Massacres and State Complicity
Government
Compensation Packages
The State's
Targeting of Naxalites
V. The
Pattern of Abuse: Southern District Clashes in Tamil Nadu and the State's
Response
Context of
Clashes
Melavalavu
Murders
Displacement
of Dalit Villagers
Police Raids
in the Southern Districts
Violence
Against Dalit Women During the Southern District Clashes105
Renewed
Clashes113
Tamil Nadu
Government-Appointed Commissions116
VI. The
Ramabai Killings118
The Killings118
National and
International Standards on the Use of Firearms124
VII.
Discrimination and Exploitative Forms of Labor129
Bonded Labor129
Caste and
Employment Discrimination130
The Devadasi
System: Ritualized Prostitution139
VIII. The
Criminalization of Social Activism.. 142
Rights of
the Accused143
False
Arrests During the Tamil Nadu Southern District Clashes145
Maharashtra
Case Studies149
Other Case
Studies152
IX. Attacks
on Dalit Women: A Pattern of Impunity154
Women and
the Law.. 155
Failure to
Prosecute Rape Cases157
Caste and
Gender Bias in the Courts162
X. Failure
to Meet Domestic and International Legal Obligations to Protect Dalits166
India's
Obligations under Domestic Law.. 166
Failure to
Implement the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities)
Act, 1989 173
India's
Obligations under International Law.. 183
XI.
Conclusion190
Appendix A:
Selected Articles of the Indian Constitution193
Appendix B:
The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 202
Appendix C:
The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules,
1995 212
Appendix D:
The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines
(Prohibition) Act, 1993 226
Appendix E:
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Concluding Observations
on Caste 237
Appendix F:
Human Rights Committee Concluding Observations on Caste243
Appendix G:
Relevant United Nations Forms and Addresses251
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