“Hellish Work”

Exploitation of Migrant Tobacco Workers in Kazakhstan

Summary and Key Recommendations

Methodology

Part 1: Background

1.1 Migration to Kazakhstan

1.2 Kazakhstani Law and Policy Relevant to Migrant Agricultural Workers

1.3 Philip Morris International and Philip Morris Kazakhstan

1.4 Structure of Tobacco Farming in Kazakhstan

1.5 Governmental and Corporate Responsibilities

Part 2: Abuse and Exploitation of Migrant Tobacco Workers in Kazakhstan

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Absence of Written Contracts

2.3 Failure to Pay Regular Wages and Payments of Less than Minimum Wage

2.4 Deductions from Final Payments

2.5 Lack of Transparency and Deception in the Final Payment

2.6 Induced Indebtedness and Debt Bondage

2.7 Retention of Identity Documents and Confinement to Farms

2.8 Forced Labor

2.9 Excessively Long Working Hours and Lack of Rest

2.10 Exposure to and Inadequate Information about Pesticides and Fertilizers

2.11 Other Health Risks in Tobacco Farming

2.12 Lack of Potable Water

2.13 Poor Sanitary Conditions

2.14 Substandard Employer-provided Living Conditions

Part 3: Protection and Redress

3.1 Lack of Effective Government Oversight and Complaint Mechanisms

3.2 Non-governmental Avenues for Redress

3.3 The Government of Kyrgyzstan

3.4 The Role of Philip Morris International and Philip Morris Kazakhstan

Part 4: Child Labor and Other Abuses against Migrant Worker Children

4.1 Child Labor in Tobacco Farming

4.2 Violation of the Right to Education

4.3 Response of the Government of Kazakhstan to Migrant Child Labor

4.4 Response of Philip Morris International and Philip Morris Kazakhstan to Child Labor

Recommendations

To the Government of Kazakhstan

To Philip Morris International

Acknowledgements