Diamonds in the Rough

Map of Zimbabwe and the Marange Diamond Fields

Glossary of Acronyms

I. Summary

II. Recommendations

To the Government of Zimbabwe

To the Government of South Africa

To the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme

To States and Organizations that Are Major Consumers of Rough Diamonds, including the European Union, the United States, South Africa, the United Arab Emirates, and India

To the Southern African Development Community

To International Donors, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Other European Union Members

III. Methodology

IV. Background

Diamonds in Marange-Unclear Legal Title to the Fields

Illegal Mining and Smuggling in the Marange Diamond Fields

Principal Buyers and Smuggling Routes

Laws Governing the Diamond Industry in Zimbabwe and Applicable International Standards

V. Human Rights Abuses, Corruption, and Extortion by the Police (November 2006 to October 2008)

Corruption in Marange

Police Smuggling Syndicates

Killings by Police

Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions

Sexual Abuse and Exploitation

VI. Human Rights Abuses by the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (October 2008 to June 2009)

Massacres in Chiadzwa (October 27 to November 16, 2008)

Torture and Beatings

VII. Continuing Abuses by the Military in Marange

Mining Syndicates and Forced Labor

Forced Child Labor

Theft and Harassment of the Local Community

Torture and Beatings

Planned Forced Removal of the Local Community

VIII. Beneficiaries of the Illicit Diamond Trade

Police "Reaction Teams"

Role of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe

Response to Allegations of Human Rights Abuse and Illegal Diamond Trading from the Government of Zimbabwe

IX. Response of the International Community

Kimberley Process Certification Scheme

X. Acknowledgements