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Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel's Schools
I. SUMMARY..
Israel's Obligations under International and National Law..
Methodology and Scope
Terminology
II. RECOMMENDATIONS
To the Knesset
To the Ministry of Education
Needs-Based Spending
Physical Facilities
In-School Social Services
Vocational/Technological Education
Curricula
Kindergartens
Special Education
Teacher Training
To Local Governments
To the General Conference of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
III. SEPARATE SYSTEMS
Historical Context
Bedouin and Residents of Unrecognized Villages
Structure of the Israeli School System...
IV. CONSEQUENCES OF DISCRIMINATION..
Dropping Out of School
Performance on National Examinations
Access to Higher Education
Access to Employment
Special Issues for Girls
Negev Bedouin
Performance and Social Class
V. DISCRIMINATION IN BUDGET ALLOCATIONS
Government Acknowledgement of the Problem...
Funding from the Ministry of Education
Class Size and Teaching Staff
Enrichment and Remedial Funding/Affirmative Action
Variable Criteria for Allocating Resources
Discretion in Distribution
Funding from Other Sources
Parental Funding
Funding from Local Authorities
The Ministry of Education's Role
After-School
Programs
VI. SCHOOL BUILDINGS
Classroom Shortage
Physical Condition/Maintenance
Primary
Schools for Negev Bedouin
Travel Distances
Auxiliary Facilities
Libraries
Sports Facilities
Laboratories
Communications Facilities at Jewish Schools
VII. IN-SCHOOL SUPPORT SERVICES
Educational and Psychological Counseling
Truant Officers
Negev Bedouin
VIII. VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION..
Participation in Vocational Education100
Quality of Vocational Education101
IX. TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS105
Education105
In-Service Training108
Experience109
Special Education109
Negev Bedouin111
X. KINDERGARTENS113
Attendance Rates113
State Funding115
Classroom Conditions117
Teacher Qualifications118
Negev Bedouin118
Shaqib
Al-Salaam/Segev Shalom... 121
XI. SPECIAL EDUCATION.. 122
"Special Needs" Children123
Unequal Distribution of Resources124
Funding for Integration (Mainstreaming)125
In-School Services127
Fewer Schools/Larger Classes130
Negev Bedouin135
Jewish Special Education Schools136
Curricula139
XII. CURRICULA.. 140
Israeli and International Law.. 140
Curricula in Arab Schools143
Curriculum Development and Palestinian Arab
Participation143
Delays in Translation and Development of Curricula145
Special Education
Teaching Material and Textbooks147
Hebrew as a Second Language and Religious Instruction149
Palestinian History and Recent Reforms152
Conclusion156
XIII. ISRAEL'S OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL AND
NATIONAL LAW 157
International Law.. 157
The Right to Education158
The Right to Freedom from Discrimination in Education159
The Status of International Law in Israeli Law.. 162
Israeli Law.. 162
Sources of Law.. 162
Right to Education163
Nondiscrimination/The Principle of Equality164
APPENDIX A: Calculation of the Distribution of Teaching
Hours170
APPENDIX B: Numerical Comparison of Jewish and Arab
Education in Israel172
APPENDIX C: Excerpts from the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights175
APPENDIX D: Excerpts from the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights176
APPENDIX E: Excerpts from the Convention on the Rights
of the Child178
APPENDIX F: The Convention against Discrimination in
Education180
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS