V. Rising Civilian Casualties: Trends and StatisticsIn addition to the accounts above, Human Rights Watch reviewed additional information about insurgent attacks in which civilians have been killed or injured, from published and unpublished accounts and reports. The following section presents some of our findings. Civilians in the CrosshairsInsurgent forces launched a large number of attacks in 2006 in which civilians were killed or injured. Based on our own data, information collected from other reliable sources, including both domestic and international monitors, and a review of various accounts, Human Rights Watch found that in 2006 there were at least 350 cases in which insurgent attacks caused civilian deaths or injury. These attacksincluding bombings, shootings, kidnapping and executions, and other violencekilled at least 669 Afghan civilians.115 (These figures do not include the numerous civilians killed and injured during military engagements between insurgents and Afghan government, NATO, and coalition forces.) The totals cited here are conservative. Numerous Afghan officials and civilians have suggested that many deaths and injuries go unreported, and that violence in remote rural areas often remains unknown. The real number of civilian victims during insurgent attacks is likely higher. Most civilians who died in insurgent attacks were killed in bomb attacks, although large numbers of civilians were also targeted in shootings or were killed after having been abducted. The following is a breakdown of the available data: Bomb Attacks (Suicide Attacks and Improvised Explosive Devices or IEDS):
Shootings, Abductions, and Executions, and Other Non-bombing Attacks:
Suicide AttacksSuicide bombings, which were once very rare in Afghanistan, occurred on a regular basis in 2006. Two suicide attacks were reported in 2003; six in 2004, and 21 in 2005. In 2006, however, at least 136 suicide attacks were reported in Afghanistana six-fold increase from 2005. (Note: this amount is a subset of the 189 bomb attacks noted above.) The US military has cited similar numbers, reporting 139 attacks in 2006, which appears to include attacks that were not publicly reported.116 US military commanders said they expected the number of suicide attacks to grow in 2007.117 A total of 803 Afghan civilians were killed or injured in suicide attacks in 2006 (272 killed and 531 injured). The numbers of suicide attacks escalated in the second half of the year.118 Suicide Attacks by Year As discussed in the Legal Analysis section below, suicide attacks are not an unlawful method of combat. However, most suicide attacks in Afghanistan have violated the laws of war. Suicide bombers have typically attacked using perfidious meansthat is, attackers have feigned protected civilian status to get close to targets. Suicide attacks have also frequently directed their attacks at civilians or civilian objects, or made no effort to minimize civilian casualties. Taliban forces, which are believed responsible for the overwhelming majority of suicide attacks, have expressed little concern for the high civilian toll. Taliban commander Mullah Dadullah released a video in December 2006 lauding suicide attackers and claiming that they are particularly effective against foreign troops.119 Taliban spokesman Qari Yousuf Ahmadi told Pajhwok Afghan News in December 2006 that attacks would continue in 2007, and that Suicide attacks are part of our warfare approved by our supreme military council.120 Gulbuddin Hekmatyar has also spoken approvingly of the role of suicide attacks in insurgent activities.121 Statistics on casualties from suicide attacks in the past year highlight their lethality to the civilian population. Over 80 percent of suicide attacks in 2006 (112 attacks) appear to have been directed at military convoys or installations, while 13 percent (18 attacks) appeared to have been directed at civilians or civilian objects. (There were six bombings in which the intended target was unclear.) In the 18 suicide bombings that appear to have been directed at civilians or civilian objects, over 200 civilians were killed or injured (91 killed, 119 injured). In theory, suicide bombers as weapons are very discriminate: a suicide bomber can detonate at a target with an accuracy that could match or exceed that of the most sophisticated guided weapon. It is thus not an inherently indiscriminate weapon, such as land mines. However, it appears that in some circumstances, suicide bombers become nervous or confused, and detonate their explosives accidentally or prematurely. In Afghanistan, many attackers in 2006 appear to have erroneously detonated their explosives away from intended targets, killing and injuring civilians. Thus while the majority of suicide attacks appear to be meant for military targets, the actual victims have been predominately civilian. Of the 112 bombings in which suicide attackers appeared to be targeting military targets, 32 resulted in no civilian or combatant casualties.122 Of the remaining 80 attacks on military targets in 2006, 57 attacks killed or injured more civilians than military or police. (See graph.) Suicide Attacks Targeting Afghan and International Security Forces in 2006 Overall, the 80 suicide attacks on military targets killed 181 civilians and 37 US, coalition, NATO, or Afghan military or police personnel. In other words, in suicide attacks on military targets in 2006, insurgents killed nearly five times as many civilians as combatants. Suicide attacks overall have had an even greater impact on the Afghan civilian population. Combining attacks that appeared to be on military targets and attacks that appeared to be directed at civilians, a total of 803 Afghan civilians were killed or injured in suicide attacks in 2006 (272 killed and 531 injured). Suicide attacks overall have killed almost eight times as many civilians as combatants. Attacks on SchoolsThe Afghan civilian death toll was not the only problem that grew worse in 2006. Insurgent forces also continued to target the Afghan educational system: Afghan schools, teachers, and parents. Human Rights Watch in a July 2006 report Lessons in Terror documented anti-government bomb and arson attacksprimarily against girls schoolsand killings of teachers and threats against parents. As discussed in that report, anti-government forces target schools either because of ideological opposition to secular education generally or to girls education specifically, or because teachers and schools represent symbols of the government or the work of foreigners. The problems detailed in Lessons in Terror have grown worse. In 2006 overall, anti-government forces carried out at least 190 attacks on teachers, school officials, students, and schools, including bombings, arson attacks and shootingsover twice as many as the 91 attacks on schools and teachers reported in 2005.123 The escalating attacks have continued to severely impact school attendance, especially in southern areas. In early August 2006, only a little more than half way through the year, UNICEF released figures indicating that in four main southern provinces more than half of all schools were closed because of attacks or threats, and that approximately 100,000 children had been driven out of school.124 In August 2006, the Afghan ministry of education released a statement that 41 students, teachers, and school support staff were killed between January and July 2006 in insurgent attacks.125 In a speech in October 2006, President Karzai said that 200,000 children nationwide had been driven out of school by ongoing violence.126 Displacement and Lack of DevelopmentThe armed conflict is also contributing to displacement and lack of development in many areas of Afghanistan. From August to September 2006, an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 Afghan familiesabout 90,000 to 120,000 men, women, and childrenfled their homes in the southern provinces of Helmand, Uruzgon, and Kandahar because of ongoing violence and armed conflict, according to the UNHCR and the Afghan government.127 Approximately 115,000 other Afghans were already internally displaced within these provinces, meaning that, as of September 2006, at least 200,000 Afghans were reported to be displaced from their homes in these three provinces alone. In addition, an unknown number of others have been displaced in border regions of Paktika, Paktia, Khost, Nangahar, and Kunar. Millions of other refugees from all of these areas remain abroad in Pakistan or Iran.128 In late 2006, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees noted that it was incapable of providing assistance in numerous conflict-affected areas in the southeast:
UNHCRs Global Appeal for 2007 makes clear that the situation remains grave:
To help handle the continuing caseload of displaced Afghans, UNHCR has requested over US$52 million, yet only expects about 400,000 refugees to return in 2007.131 There is little for refugees to return to. Besides ongoing violence, little government assistance or developmental or humanitarian aid is available in southern and southeastern areas. International and government assistance and development projects have been suspended in most districts within the south and southeast for most of the last two years. 115 In early January 2007, a US military intelligence officer told The New York Times that the use of roadside bombs more than doubled to 1,677 last year from 783 in 2005. The number of what the military calls direct attacks, meaning attacks by insurgents using small arms, grenades and other weapons, increased to 4,542 last year from 1,558 in 2005. David Cloud, US Says Attacks Are Surging in Afghanistan, New York Times, January 16, 2007. 116 David Cloud, US Says Attacks Are Surging in Afghanistan, New York Times, January 16, 2007. 117 New US commander in Afghanistan expects rise in suicide attacks in 2007, Associated Press, January 29, 2007 (quoting Maj. Gen. David M. Rodriguez, commander of the 82nd Airborne Division: "We're expecting an increase in the suicide bombers and some of the other tactics that they have believed are successful. . . . So we expect to see that as well as the normal standoff type attacks and harassing kind of attacks on Afghan government officials, Afghan nationals, security forces, as well as coalition forces.") 118 Collected data and reports of attacks are on file with Human Rights Watch. The Afghanistan NGO Security Office also issued a short report in December 2006 documenting a sharp escalation in suicide attacks in the last few months of 2006. See ANSO, A Winters Tale: Less Attacks, More Threats, December 2006. 119 See website of the Site Institute for review of video: http://www.siteinstitute.org/bin/articles.cgi?ID=publications239006&Category=publications&Subcategory=0. Taliban spokesman Qari Yousuf Ahmadi also told Pajhwok Afghan News in December 2006: Suicide attacks are part of our warfare approved by our supreme military council. Pajhwok News, Afghanistans record of suicide attacks in 2006, January 6, 2007 (on file with Human Rights Watch). An October 2006 Associated Press interview with a Taliban commander provided some insights into the increasing popularity of suicide attacks in Afghanistan. See Noor Khan, Taliban commander says 'hundreds' of suicide bombers ready in fight for Islamic law, Associated Press, October 10, 2006. The correspondent interviewed a regional-level Taliban commander in Zabul, Mullah Nazir Ahmed Hamza, who explained: "Whenever the mujahedeen are preparing for jihad, it means they made a decision to sacrifice their lives. . . . Whenever we need a suicide attack, [I will] give my life and that day will be the luckiest day of my life. I am always ready to carry out a suicide attack against the Americans and their allies. . . . We want an Islamic state and Islamic law. We don't want the Americans or any other Christians. . . . As a Muslim it's my duty, I have to fight and I have to carry out jihad against the Americans until they leave. Though likely more boastful than earnest, Commander Hamzas statement does provide at least a view of the rhetoric that is being used to inspire suicide attacks. 120 Afghanistans record of suicide attacks in 2006, Pajhwok News, January 6, 2007 (on file with Human Rights Watch). 121 Interview with Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, "I live on the earth, underneath the sky," Cheragh (Kabul), March 6, 2007. 122 To reiterate, this figure does not include the 18 intentional suicide attacks on civilians, cited above. 123 See Appendix B, Attacks on the Afghan Educational System 2005-2006. 124 United Nations Childrens Fund, UNICEF fears progress in education will be reversed, August 4, 2006. UNICEF said that between January and July 2006 it had recorded 11 bombings, 50 arson attacks, 37 threats, and a missile attack. 125 Afghanistan Ministry of Education, Education Under Fire, August 2006. See also International Crisis Group, Countering Afghanistans Insurgency: No Quick Fixes, Asia Report No. 123, November 2, 2006, available at http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4485&l=1. 126 Pamela Constable, Home schools operate secretly in fear of violence, Washington Post, October 13, 2006. 127 For a full collection of UN and government statistics and figures on displacement in southern Afghanistan, see Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Fighting in the south sets off new wave of displacement: a profile of the internal displacement situation, December 22, 2006, at http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rsd/rsddocview.pdf?tbl=RSDCOI&id=459e656d2 (accessed March 23, 2007). 128 See ibid. See also UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Afghanistan: 2007 Country Operations Plan, September 2006, p. 2, at: http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/4505323f2.pdf (accessed March 23, 2007). 129 See UNHCR, Afghanistan: 2007 Country Operations Plan, p. 1. 130 See UNHCR, Global Appeal 2007, pp. 205 and 208, at http://www.unhcr.org/home/PUBL/455443a90.pdf (accessed March 23, 2007). 131 UNHCR, Afghanistan: 2007 Country Operations Plan, pp. 2-5 and Global Appeal 2007, pp. 205-206. |