UKRAINE

Women’s Work:
Discrimination Against Women in the Ukrainian Labor Force

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SUMMARY
   
   
2. RECOMMENDATIONS
   
   To the Ukrainian Government
   To the International Labor Organization (ILO)
   To the European Union (E.U.)
   To the Council of Europe
   To the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
   To the United States Government
   To the United Nations (U.N.)
   To International Financial Institutions
   To Ukrainian Nongovernmental Organizations
   
   
3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND
   
   Impact of the Economic Transition on Women
   Nongovernmental Organizations
   
   
4. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND UKRAINIAN LAW
   
   International Standards
   Ukrainian Law
   
   
5. DISCRIMINATION BASED ON GENDER
   
   Gender Specifications in Job Advertising
   
   Blue-Collar Employment
   Managerial Employment
   Service Sector Employment
   
   Gender -Specific Advertising and Women’s Access to Employment
   
   
6. GENDER DISCRIMINATION RELATED TO MARITAL AND FAMILY STATUS
   
   Discrimination Against Unmarried and Recently Married Women
   Discrimination Against Women With Young Children
   Greater Willingness to Hire Women with Older Children
   Marital and Family Status and Women’s Employment Choices
   
   
7. GENDER DISCRIMINATION RELATED TO AGE
   
   Age-Specific Job Advertising
   Age as a Factor During Job Interviews
   Older Women’s Access to Employment
   
   
8. GENDER DISCRIMINATION RELATED TO APPEARANCE
   
   Specifications Regarding Appearance in Job Advertisements
   Appearance and Women’s Employment Experiences
   
   
9. GOVERNMENT RESPONSE
   
   Lack of Effective Mechanisms
   Lack of Due Diligence
   
   Labor Inspectorates
   State Employment Service
   
   
10. APPENDIX: Sample Employment Application
    
    
11. Acknowledgements
    

August 2003       Vol. 15, No. 5(D)