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I. SUMMARY 1
II. RECOMMENDATIONS 9
III. BACKGROUND 14
The Refugee Crisis 14
The Refugee Camps 15
Women's Unequal Status in Burundian Society 18
IV. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 20
Scope of the Problem 20
Domestic Violence in Tanzanian Camps 23
Relationship between 1998 and 1999: Findings and Key
Developments 24
Refugee Camp Environment 25
Nature of the Response 27
Cases of Domestic Violence 28
Failure of the Police to Intervene 28
Reconciliatory Counseling not Enough 32
Sale of Ration Food 33
Status of Women and Other Social Problems 35
Safe Shelters 37
V. SEXUAL VIOLENCE 39
Scope of the Problem 39
Rape in the Tanzanian Camps 40
Relationship Between 1998 and 1999: Findings and Key
Developments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Cases of Rape and other Sexual Violence 46
VI. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND TANZANIAN LAW 51
VII. TANZANIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 55
The Camp Commanders 56
Police 58
The Courts 60
VIII. THE RESPONSE OF UNHCR 63
UNHCR's Guidelines and their Limitations 65
Guidelines are not Enough: Implementation 68
The Response of UNHCR Tanzania to Domestic and Sexual
Violence 70
The Situation in 1998 71
Developments in 1999 73
The Refugee-Run Community Justice System 77
IX. CONCLUSION 80