December 1997 Vol. 9, No. 10 (C)

INDONESIA

COMMUNAL VIOLENCE IN WEST KALIMANTAN

I. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 2

II. BACKGROUND TO THE CONFLICT 5

The Cultural Argument 6

The Marginalization Argument 8

The Political Manipulation Argument 10

III. THE FIRST PHASE: DECEMBER 29, 1996 TO MID-JANUARY 1997 11

The Stabbing at Sanggau Ledo 12

Questions for an Investigation 17

IV. THE SECOND PHASE: JANUARY 28 TO FEBRUARY 18, 1997 18

The Attack 19

The Attack on Salatiga 21

Singkawang, Samalantan and Bukit Permai 22

Balai Karangan 24

Army Shootings at Sanggau and Anjungan 25

Other Attacks 27

The Death Toll 29

The Displaced 30

Questions for an Investigation 31

V. THE GOVERNMENT RESPONSE: PEACE PACTS AND ARRESTS 32

The Peace Pacts 33

Arrests 34

The Case of Zainuddin Isman 36

VI. CONCLUSION 37