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Stemming the Flow

Abuses Against Migrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees

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More on Human Rights Watch's work on Libya

More on Human Rights Watch's work on Labor and Human Rights

More on Human Rights Watch's work on Refugees

I. Summary

Methodology

II. Key Recommendations

To the Government of Libya

To the European Union

To the Government of Italy

III. Background

Libya’s Geography

Libya’s Political System

Human Rights in Libya

Foreigners in Libya

IV. Denial of the Right to Seek Asylum

Draft Asylum Law

UNHCR in Libya

V. Abuse during Arrest

Arrests on Entry and Departure

Arrests in Urban Sweeps

VI. Abuse in Detention

Detention Conditions in Kufra

Conditions in Other Detention Facilities

Deportation Facilities

Conditions in al-Fellah Deportation Center

VII. Forced Return

The Deportation Process

Dangers During Deportation

Eritreans at High Risk of Refoulement

Temporary Reprieves for Some Nationalities

VIII. Other Abuses Against Migrants and Refugees

Racially Motivated Violence

Foreigners in the Criminal Justice System

Torture

Unfair Trials

Prison Conditions

Executions of Foreigners

IX. Legal Standards

Libyan Law

Laws Regulating the Entry, Stay and Departure of Foreigners

Other National Legislation

Libya and International Law

Libya’s Human Rights Commitments to Refugees and Migrants

Equal Application of Human Rights Obligations to Non-Nationals

X. Role of the European Union and Italy

The E.U.’s “Externalization” Agenda

Libya as Partner in E.U. “Externalized” Asylum Processing

Absence of Refugee Protection Preconditions

Libya’s Reservations on Cooperation with the E.U.

The Italian Dimension

Detention in Italy

Expulsions

Push-backs

Italy in Breach of its Human Rights Obligations

Lack of Legal Basis for Returns to Libya

XI. Detailed Recommendations

To the Government of Libya

To the African Union

To the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

To the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)

To the International Organization for Migration (IOM)

To the European Union

To European Union Institutions and E.U. Member States

To the Government of Italy

XII. Acknowledgements

Appendix I

Introduction

Mistreatment During Arrest, Detention, and Deportation

The Absence of any Laws or Regulations to Govern the Asylum Process

Other Mistreatment of Migrants and Refugees

September 2006 Volume 18, No. 5(E)

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