86. Dyno Nobel responded on behalf of its Port Ewen, New York facility, originally identified by DoD as a supplier of mine components. 87. The Hughes Aircraft statement also applied to the following Hughes subsidiary companies identified by Human Rights Watch as former mine production participants: Hughes Georgia, Inc. (Georgia), Hughes Ground Systems Group (California), and Hughes Microelectronics Circuits Division (California). For the purposes of this report, Hughes is only listed once. 88. MascoTech issued a statement on behalf of its subsidiary company Norris Industries. 89. Olin Ordnance's Downey, California plant (formerly Aerojet Ordnance) was previously identified by DoD as a supplier of landmine components.

One of the most promising developments for the campaign to ban antipersonnel mines in the U.S. is the pledge by seventeen companies to refrain from future involvement in the antipersonnel mine business. Human Rights Watch has stressed with all forty-seven companies that its overriding concern is to discourage any future production and supply activities. Many companies argued that they were unable to control the ultimate destination or use of their products. However, making a commitment to not knowingly sell components for end use in antipersonnel mines is viewed by Human Rights Watch as a vital step forward. Ultimately, companies must also take responsibility for the impact of their past activities related to mine production. The seventeen companies that have told Human Rights Watch that they will no longer be involved in antipersonnel landmine production are: ASC Capacitors (Nebraska), AVX Corp. (South Carolina), Compensated Devices, Inc. (Massachusetts), Dyno Nobel, Inc. (Utah),86 Hughes Aircraft (Virginia),87 Kalmus and Associates, Inc. (Illinois), Kemet Corp. (South Carolina), Mathews Associates, Inc. (Florida), MascoTech (Michigan),88 Microsemi Corp. (Arizona), Motorola, Inc. (Illinois), Olin Ordnance (Florida),89 Plastics Products Co., Inc. (Minnesota), S&K Electronics (Montana), Siliconix, Inc. (California), S W Electronics & Manufacturing Corp. (New Jersey), and TLSI, Inc. (New York).

90. "Terror in the Minefields," produced by David A. Feingold and Deborah LaGorce Cramer, directed by David A. Feingold, Ophidian Films, Ltd., for Nova [PBS], WGBH, January 1996. 91. Motorola company notice to employees, received by Human Rights Watch on July 17, 1996. 92. U.S. Campaign to Ban Landmines Press Release, "Motorola: No More Components for Landmines," August 26, 1996. 93. Loring Worbel, "Bold Step," Electronic Engineering Times, October 14, 1996, p. 34. Worbel's editorial noted that "Motorola has stepped into dangerous territory by refusing to sell components for products that neither the United States nor the United Nations has had the courage to ban. Critics will say that the company has inappropriately appointed itself judge of its customers' moral fitness....Yet shareholders should applaud Motorola's courage in walking away from sales for the sake of a goal more far-reaching than profit." 94. Jon Frandsen, "Motorola Leads Charge Against Land Mines," The Burlington Free Press, December 24, 1996, p. 1. Senator Leahy told the Free Press: "Motorola's action is a sign that companies who have made these insidious weapons or whose products have been used in land mines can become a potent force for a ban. It is only a matter of time before other manufacturers follow Motorola's example." 95. Letter from S W Electronics & Manufacturing Corp. President Carl Szczepkowski to Human Rights Watch, September 4, 1996. DoD awarded S W Electronics and Manufacturing a landmine production contract for $378,000 in 1994. Eagle Eye Publishing, 1996.

Motorola was the first company to state publicly that it intended to get out of the antipersonnel mine business, and its decision has clearly paved the way for others. Motorola's involvement with antipersonnel mines first came to light in a film shot in 1995 of a Khmer Rouge guerrilla in Cambodia unwinding the cap of a Chinese Type 72 antipersonnel mine, revealing the presence of a Motorola electronic chip.90 Unsettled by this scene, Motorola initiated an internal investigation into its export practices, and began exploring with Human Rights Watch and the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation ways in which the company could assist with the international effort to ban antipersonnel mines. In May 1996 Human Rights Watch informed Motorola that evidence also pointed to Motorola components in U.S. Volcano and Gator antipersonnel mines. After an internal company audit confirmed our findings, Motorola moved quickly to adopt a new company policy. In July, Motorola pledged to "do everything reasonably possible to make sure that Motorola does not knowingly sell any part that is intended for use in an antipersonnel mine....[W]e believe that we have an obligation and a unique opportunity to proactively support the elimination of antipersonnel mines."91 The company produced a forty-page manual and shipped it off to its subsidiary plants in the U.S. and abroad advising employees of the new company policy. The USCBL applauded Motorola's decision, saying: "Motorola has now emerged as the best kind of industry leader. They have set the standard and we hope other companies will follow suit. Motorola deserves high praise for its recognition of the humanitarian disaster caused by mines, and especially its willingness to act on its own to help stem the crisis."92 Motorola's action appears to have had a significant impact on many of the sixteen other companies that subsequently agreed to renounce future antipersonnel mine activity. In their written renunciations provided to Human Rights Watch, many companies used language similar or identical to that of Motorola. In particular, smaller companies seemed to view Motorola as providing them with leadership on a moral issue. Motorola's decision was praised by Electronic Engineering Times, one of the electronic industry's national news publications,93 and by political figures like Sen. Patrick Leahy of Vermont, who is championing the cause of an antipersonnel mine ban in the U.S. Congress.94 "S W Electronics will do everything reasonably possible to ensure that we do not knowingly sell any parts that are intended for use in antipersonnel mines," declared company president Carl P. Szczepkowski.95

96. Letter from TLSI President Mort Pullman to Human Rights Watch, August 28, 1996.

TLSI's president, Mort Pullman, wrote: "On behalf of TLSI, I would like to state that TLSI endorses the new Motorola policy concerning the ban on the manufacture of antipersonnel mines."96

97. Letter from S&K Electronics President Lawrence R. Hall to Human Rights Watch, September 5, 1996.

From the Flathead Indian Reservation in remote Ronan, Montana, S&K Electronics, a minority-owned business, declared it would no longer supply component parts for use in antipersonnel mines.97

98. Letter from Plastic Products Co., Inc. President Marlene Messin to Human Rights Watch, September 11, 1996.

"Thank you for your recent fax regarding use of parts in landmines," wrote Marlene Messin, President of Plastic Products Co., Inc., in Lindstrom, Minnesota. "This letter is to inform you that our sales engineer is contacting our customer, Accudyne, to inform them we will no longer mold parts at our company that go into landmines. As soon as we have worked out an arrangement, the tooling that produces those parts will be returned to Accudyne."98

99. E-mail message from Siliconix, Inc. Secretary and General Counsel David Achterkirchen to Human Rights Watch, September 10, 1996.

Siliconix, a Santa Clara, California, electronics company owned by Daimler-Benz of Germany, wrote: "We too believe that such weapons have no place in today's world, and that there should be a united effort to encourage their manufacturers to get out of the business. In addition, Siliconix will do everything reasonably possible to ensure that Siliconix does not knowingly sell any part that is intended for use in an antipersonnel mine."99

100. Kemet Corp. statement faxed to Human Rights Watch, September 17, 1996.

Kemet, an electronics giant, said: "The Company does not sell capacitors directly to the U.S. military nor does it design or manufacture any capacitors specifically for use in antipersonnel landmines. In addition, the Company will do everything reasonably possible to make sure that Kemet does not knowingly sell any part that is specifically intended to be used in an antipersonnel mine."100

101. Letter from Hughes Aircraft President John C. Weaver to Human Rights Watch, August 29, 1996. DoD awarded Hughes Aircraft California $58,551,000 in landmine production contracts from 1987-93 to make antipersonnel and antitank mines. Eagle Eye Publishing, 1996.

Hughes Aircraft, responsible for designing and building the Army's scandal-wracked Modular Pack Mine System (MOPMS) from 1987 to 1992, said: "Hughes Electronics is no longer involved in this activity nor with any other antipersonnel landmine program. Hughes has no intention of being involved with the production of antipersonnel mines or their components in the future."101

102. Letter from Benedict P. Rosen, President and CEO, AVX, to Human Rights Watch, September 9, 1996.

The president of AVX wrote: "We will definitely take the same position Motorola has and others in our industry and will in no way encourage the development of such devices. We will certainly support the elimination of these devices in the future."102

103. Letter from Mick McKeighhan, Vice President, Microsemi Corp., to Human Rights Watch, February 13, 1997.

Microsemi said it was "proud to issue the following statement relative to the U.S. Campaign to Ban Landmines: Microsemi will do everything reasonably possible to insure that we do not knowingly sell any product that is intended for use in the manufacture of antipersonnel mines. We are proud to join other fine companies in their support of the eventual elimination of such destructive weapons."103

104. Hand-written note by Henry J. Kalmus to Human Rights Watch, August 5, 1996. 105. Letter from Henry J. Kalmus to Human Rights Watch, dated September 10, 1996.

Kalmus and Associates initially sent a hand-written note on the back of our original letter that said: "We have not been involved in this program for over three years and do not expect to see any future circuit board requirements for landmines."104 Kalmus later sent this via fax: "Please let this letter serve as confirmation that Kalmus and Associates, Inc. is not currently involved in any phase of landmine construction, and will not knowingly participate in such in the future."105

106. Olin Corp. is ranked twenty-eight out of the top one hundred U.S. DoD contractors. Aviation Week & and Space Technology, vol. 146, no. 2, January 13, 1997, p. 260 107. Letter from Olin Ordnance Director of Public Affairs Edwin E. Alber to Human Rights Watch, September 5, 1996. DoD awarded Aerojet Ordnance in Downey, California, later purchased and renamed Olin Ordnance by Olin Corp., a total of $86,209,000 in landmine production contracts from 1985 to 1992. Eagle Eye Publishing, 1996.

Olin Ordnance, one of the largest U.S. munitions manufacturers, purchased Aerojet Ordnance in Downey, California in 1994.106 Aerojet had been a major manufacturer of mine components. Olin, while unwilling to accept responsibility for its new subsidiary's past activities with respect to antipersonnel mines, issued a clear statement to Human Rights Watch regarding any future involvement in antipersonnel mine production: "Antipersonnel mine production has not ever been and is not a business area in which Olin Ordnance would seek to participate. Additionally, Olin Ordnance is not engaged in the research, development, production, or sale of 'self-destruct' antipersonnel mines."107

108. Letter from Jay M. Anderson, Senior Management Team, Health, Saftey and Environment, Dyno Nobel, Inc., to Human Rights Watch, August 27, 1996. 109. Letter from Jay M. Anderson, Senior Management Team, Health, Saftey and Environment, Dyno Nobel to Human Rights Watch, September 19, 1996. DoD awarded Dyno Nobel's Port Ewen, N.Y., facility (formerly known as Ireco) landmine production contracts worth $45,718,000 from 1985 to 1994. Eagle Eye Publishing, 1996.

Dyno Nobel initially sent a letter to Human Rights Watch stating that "unforeseeable and demonstrably legitimate" circumstances might provoke it to supply landmine components again.108 When news of Dyno's impending listing as a component supplier broke in Norway, the press asked the Norwegian government, which owns a majority shareholding in Dyno and has its own domestic production ban, whether it would allow a U.S. subsidiary to skirt the rules. Within days Human Rights Watch received this statement: "I am pleased to inform you that it is the policy of Dyno Nobel, Inc. not to engage in the manufacture of components for antipersonnel mines. We are not doing so now and will not do so in the future. The management and employees of Dyno Nobel, Inc. look forward to the time when all nations agree to discontinue the production and deployment of such devices."109

110. Letter from Chuck Robertson, General Manager, ASC Capacitors, to Human Rights Watch, February 3, 1997.

ASC Capacitors wrote: "All of us here at ASC join you in our quest to eliminate the production of these destructive weapons. Please be advised that ASC has discontinued the production of the molded axial capacitor that was used in antipersonnel landmines. We have no current open orders and will not accept any new orders for this product."110

111. Letter from Lee M. Gardner, President, MascoTech, to Human Rights Watch, September 25, 1996.

MascoTech, writing on behalf of Norris Industries, expressed support for what it called "your noble and human endeavour." MascoTech President Lee M. Gardner said that MascoTech "has never knowingly manufacured components for use in such weapons, nor will we do so at any time in the future. We salute you for your efforts to end the manufacture and deployment of antipersonnel landmines, and we look forward to the day when all nations work together to eliminate their use throughout the world."111

112. Letter from Compensated Devices, Inc. President Thomas J. Kachel to Human Rights Watch, September 12, 1996.

"Thank you for making us aware of the AP mine situation," wrote Compensated Devices President Thomas J. Kachel. "I congratulate you and your organization in your humanitarian efforts." Mr. Kachel said in his letter: "I feel the major thrust in the world community should be to stop all production of long-lived AP mines and save the argument against 'smart' AP mines for a later day." However, Compensated Devices agreed to "make every reasonable effort to ensure that we will not knowingly sell components intended for use in antipersonnel mines."112

113. Letter from Mathews Associates, Inc. President Daniel J. Perreault to Human Rights Watch, September, 16, 1996.

“Mathews Associates, Incorporated of Sanford, Florida, will not knowingly sell or manufacture any component part for possible use in antipersonnel landmines or the systems that dispense them,” wrote Mr. Daniel W. Perreault. 113