Ballots to Bullets
16 mars 2008

Ballots to Bullets

Organized Political Violence and Kenya's Crisis of Governance

Summary
Recommendations
Methodology. 23
Map of Kenya. 24
Background: Kenya's Long-Term Crisis of Governance
A Century of Land Grievances
Fifty Years of a Temporary Constitution
Political Violence and Decades of Impunity
Human Rights Violations in the Context of the General Election
The Hijacking of Kenya's 2007 Presidential Poll
Use of Excessive Force and Extrajudicial Killings by Police
The Scale and Impact of Police Shooting
Massacre in Kisumu
Police Shootings in Nairobi Slums
Organized Violence in the Rift Valley
Post-Election Violence around Eldoret
Political Manipulation of Ethnic Tensions During the Campaign
Direct Incitement and Organization
The Scale and Impact of Post-Election Violence
Attempts at Self-Defense and Reprisal Attacks
Kikuyu Reprisals and Mungiki
Revenge in Naivasha
Official Response
Tit for Tat in Nakuru
Kalenjin Reprisals
Police Response
An Endless Cycle of Violence in Molo
Chased from Central Province
Police Response
The Potential Long-Term Impact of Violence: Ethnic Engineering
The Response of the Kenyan Government
The Role of the Police
Allegations of Partiality
Police Overstretch
Restrictions on the Media and Freedom of Assembly
Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation
The Response of International Actors
An Example of 'The Responsibility to Protect'
Acknowledgments
Annex 1: Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation, Agreement establishing a Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
Annex 2: Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation, Agreement establishing a Commission of Inquiry on Post-Election Violence
Annex 3: Terms of Reference for the Independent Review Committee to investigate the General Election of 2007