Renewed Crisis in North Kivu
23 octobre 2007

Renewed Crisis in North Kivu

Map
Abbreviations
I. Summary
II. Recommendations
To the Congolese Government
To MONUC
To the Government of Rwanda
To the Forces of Laurent Nkunda
To the FDLR
To UNHCR
To the International Community
III. Background
Rise of Tutsi Influence
Decline
The post-2002 national army, and Tutsi opposition to "brassage
The 2006 elections
Laurent Nkunda Gains Power
The FDLR
IV. "Mixage"-An Attempted Solution Fails
Mixage
Nkunda Profits from Failure of Mixage
Numbers of Nkunda's forces, and areas of control relative to the FDLR
V. Conflict and Abuses Against Civilians
Sexual violence
Looting and destruction of property
Forced displacement of populations
Human Rights Abuses Committed by Troops Loyal to Laurent Nkunda
Killing of civilians
Abductions
Crimes of sexual violence
Looting and other abuse of property rights
Human Rights Abuses Committed by FDLR Combatants
Disappearances of civilians
Crimes of sexual violence
Looting and other abuse of property rights
Human Rights Abuses Committed by the FARDC
Killing of civilians
Arbitrary arrests
Crimes of sexual violence
Looting and other abuse of property rights
Crimes by Unidentified Assailants
Discovery of Mass Graves in Rutshuru
VI. Child Soldiers
Recruitment
Obstructing Removal of Children from Military Service
Congolese Army Order to Remove Children from Ranks
Child Combatants in Armed Groups
VII. Justice and Accountability
Applicable Legal Standards
Impunity
Congolese responses to allegations
Nkunda's response to allegations
The FDLR response to allegations
VIII. The Political Challenge in the Kivus
The Challenge from Nkunda: "Our Little State"
Civil administration, police, intelligence
Taxation, land, and refugees
Raising the flag
Area of FDLR Dominance
IX. The Role of the International Community
The Donor Community
Rwanda and South Africa
The United Nations: Security Council, MONUC, and UN Agencies
The Security Council
MONUC
UNHCR
UNICEF
UN spokespersons for human rights
X. Conclusion
Acknowledgements